2015年上海市浦东新区中小学生膳食与营养状况的特征
Diet and nutrition survey among primary and secondary school students in Pudong New Area of Shanghai in 2015
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摘要:
目的 了解上海市浦东新区中小学生膳食与营养状况，为进行针对性地学生营养干预提供科学依据。
方法 采用多阶段分层随机抽样法，于2015年9—11月对浦东新区609名中小学生开展身高、体重测量，使用体质量指数进行营养状况评价；采用连续3 d 24 h膳食回顾法和称重法进行膳食调查。利用中国学龄儿童膳食指南(2016)对膳食摄入情况进行评价，根据中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量对受访对象进行营养状况评估。
结果 本次调查共纳入调查对象609人，其中男生303人，女生306人，年龄分布为7~18岁，小学、初中、高中分别254、261、94人。浦东新区中小学生水果类、奶类、蔬菜类、鱼虾类食物均存在不同程度的摄入不足：小学、初中、高中水果类摄入量低于最低建议量的学生比例分别为90.55%、91.57%、97.87%，奶类摄入量低于最低建议量的学生比例分别为93.31%、91.95%、95.74%，初中和高中蔬菜类的摄入量低于推荐摄入量的学生比例分别为96.17%和96.81%，小学和初中鱼虾类的摄入量低于推荐摄入量的学生比例分别为78.74%和67.05%；而畜禽肉类、油脂类、盐的摄入均过量：畜禽肉类摄入量高于最高建议量的学生比例分别为100.00%、95.40%、95.74%，油脂类分别为76.38%、94.64%、96.81%，盐分别为78.74%、79.69%、89.36%；各年龄段钙、镁、锌的聂入量达到中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量的比例分别为3.8%~9.6%，7.7%~19.1%，3.1%~18.1%，均不足20%；脂肪供能比(51.3%~53.7%)均高于膳食指南的推荐值，碳水化合物供能比(32.0%~36.9%)均低于膳食指南的推荐值。浦东新区学龄儿童总体超重率为13.96%，肥胖率为11.28%，男女生之间超重率的差异没有统计学意义(χ2=1.783，P > 0.05)，但男生肥胖率明显高于女生(χ2=14.514，P < 0.05)。
结论 上海市浦东新区中小学生膳食结构不合理，钙、镁、锌的摄入量严重不足，三大产能营养素供能比不合理，超重、肥胖发生率较高。
Abstract:Objective To investigate dietary and nutritional status among primary and secondary school students in Pudong New Area of Shanghai, and provide a scientific basis for targeted nutrition intervention programs.
Methods A multi-stage stratified random sampling method was used to conduct a nutrition survey among the primary and secondary school students in Pudong New Area from September to October in 2005. A total of 609 students were enrolled. Body height and weight were measured and body mass index was applied to evaluate their nutritional status. Meanwhile, a dietary survey was carried out using continuous 3-day 24-hour dietary recall and weight method. The participants' dietary intake was evaluated based on the Chinese School-age Children's Dietary Guidelines (2016), and their nutritional status were assessed according to the Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs).
Results A total of 609 students completed the survey, including 303 boys and 306 girls. The age distribution ranged from 7 to 18 years old, with 254 in primary schools, 261 in middle schools, and 94 in high schools, respectively. The intakes of fruits, dairy, vegetables, and fish & shrimps were inadequate. The proportions of students with fruit intake below the minimum recommended amount in three categories (primary schools, middle schools, and high schools) were 90.55%, 91.57%, and 97.87%, respectively. The proportions of students with diary intake below the minimum recommended amount in the three categories were 93.31%, 91.95%, and 95.74%, respectively. The proportions of students with vegetables intake below the minimum recommended amount in middle schools and high schools were 96.17% and 96.81%, respectively. The proportions of students with fish and shrimps intake below the minimum recommended amount in primary schools and middle schools were 78.74% and 67.05%, respectively. The intakes of meat, oils, and salt were excessive. The proportions of students with meat intake higher than the maximum recommended amount in the three categories were 100.00%, 95.40%, and 95.74%, respectively. The proportions of students with oils intake higher than the maximum recommended amount in the three categories were 76.38%, 94.64%, and 96.81%, respectively. The proportions of students with salt intake higher than the maximum recommended amount in the three categories were 78.74%, 79.69%, and 89.36%, respectively. The proportions of students with calcium, magnesium, and zinc intakes reaching DRIs in all age groups were 3.8%-9.6%, 7.7%-19.1%, and 3.1%-18.1%, respectively, all less than 20%. Compared with dietary reference intakes (DRIs), most of the students showed high fat-to-energy ratio (51.3%-53.7%) and low carbohydrate-to-energy ratio (32.0%-36.9%). The overall prevalence of overweight among students in Pudong New Area was 13.96% and the prevalence of obesity was 11.28%. The prevalence of overweight among boys was significantly higher than that among girls (χ2=14.514, P < 0.05), while no significant difference was found in the prevalence of obesity (χ2=1.783, P > 0.05).
Conclusion Due to unreasonable dietary pattern, the intakes of calcium, magnesium, and zinc are seriously insufficient, the energy supply ratio is unreasonable, and overweight and obesity are prevalent among primary and secondary school students in Pudong New Area of Shanghai.
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