The composition and concentration of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath are closely related to human health and the analysis of VOCs by collecting human exhaled breath has been widely used in disease surveillance research. This article reviewed the collection, enrichment, and detection methods of exhaled VOCs, which can provide a reference for selecting appropriate technology for follow-up research. The exhaled breath collection devices mainly include sampling bags for mixed exhaled breath and biological volatile organic compound (Bio-VOC) samplers for alveolar air. The pre-enrichment equipment included thermal desorption (TD), solid-phase microextraction device (SPME), and needle trap device (NTD). The detection methods of exhaled VOCs include gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS), selective ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS), and electronic nose. At present, the collection and enrichment technology of exhaled breath is not mature yet, and its influence on the results of detection is lack of evaluation. In the future, the research on collection and enrichment technology of exhaled breath should be strengthened to further promote the application of exhaled breath in disease surveillance research.