2006—2020年天津市职业中毒发病特征分析
Tianjin's occupational poisoning incidence: A comprehensive analysis, 2006—2020
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摘要:
背景 目前，职业中毒已经成为我国除尘肺病之外危害劳动者健康最严重的职业病之一，影响范围广，社会经济损失较重。
目的 分析2006—2020年天津市职业中毒发病特点和规律，为制定有效的干预措施和防治策略提供科学依据。
方法 通过中国疾病预防控制信息系统子系统“职业病及健康危害因素监测信息系统”收集2006年1月1日至2020年12月31日期间，天津市各职业病诊断机构诊断并通过该系统报告的急、慢性职业中毒病例。数据内容包括病例基本情况、职业史、疾病特征、用人单位信息等。采用Excel 2016建立数据库，计数资料使用频数、构成比进行统计描述。
结果 2006—2020年天津市累计报告职业性化学中毒共234例，其中急性职业中毒49例（20.94%），慢性职业中毒185例（79.06%）。急性职业中毒病例数呈先上升后下降趋势，慢性职业中毒病例数整体呈下降趋势。急性职业中毒主要集中发生于环城四区（22例，44.90%），慢性职业中毒主要集中发生于滨海新区（90例，48.65%）。男性病例明显多于女性，发病年龄集中于45~55岁。急性职业中毒病例较集中于工龄不足5年组（22例，44.90%），以窒息性气体中毒为主，高发行业为化学原料和化学制品制造业。慢性职业中毒病例较集中于工龄5~14年之间（70例，37.84%），以有机溶剂中毒为主，高发行业亦为化学原料和化学制品制造业。
结论 天津市对于职业中毒的防治应根据本市急、慢性职业中毒毒物种类、地区经济差异、行业类别和劳动者分布等特点，分层次、有重点地开展精准职业病防治及卫生监测与管理。
Abstract:Background At present, occupational poisoning has become one of the most serious occupational diseases that jeopardize the health of workers in China, in addition to pneumoconiosis, with a wide range of impacts and heavy social and economic losses.
Objective To analyze the characteristics and patterns of the incidence of occupational poisoning in Tianjin from 2006 to 2020, and to provide a scientific basis for the development of effective intervention measures and prevention strategies.
Methods The Occupational Diseases and Health Hazards Monitoring Information System, a module of the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System, was the primary data source of the study. The case files of acute and chronic occupational poisoning diagnosed by occupational disease diagnostic institutions in Tianjin from January 1, 2006 to December 31, 2020 were retrieved from the system. The data included basic information, occupational history, disease characteristics, and employer information. Excel 2016 was used to establish database, and frequencies and composition ratios were reported.
Results From 2006 to 2020, a total of 234 cases of occupational chemical poisoning were reported in Tianjin, including 49 cases of acute occupational poisoning (20.94%) and 185 cases of chronic occupational poisoning (79.06%). The number of acute occupational poisoning cases showed a rising and then falling trend, and the number of chronic occupational poisoning cases showed an overall decreasing trend. Acute occupational poisoning mainly occurred in the four districts around the city (22 cases, 44.90%), and chronic occupational poisoning mainly occurred in Binhai New Area (90 cases, 48.65%). More male cases were reported than female cases. The age of onset was concentrated at 45-55 years old. The acute occupational poisoning cases were concentrated in the group with less than 5 years of service (22 cases, 44.90%), mainly asphyxiating gas poisoning, and the highest incidence was reported in chemical raw materials and chemical products manufacturing industry. The chronic occupational poisoning cases were concentrated in the groups with a working age of 5-14 years (70 cases, 37.84%), mainly organic solvent poisoning, and the highest incidence was also reported in chemical raw materials and chemical products manufacturing industry.
Conclusion The prevention and control of occupational poisoning as well as health surveillance and management in Tianjin shall be carried out in a hierarchical and focused manner in accordance with types of acute and chronic occupational poisoning chemicals in the city, regional economic differences, types of industries, and distribution of workers.
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