Occupational injuries cause a large number of personal injuries, illnesses, or deaths, resulting in a huge burden of disease, and has become an important global occupational safety and health problem. Developed countries in Europe and the United States have provided strong support for occupational injury prevention and control by establishing continuous and stable occupational injury surveillance systems. The occupational injury problem has not attracted enough attention and concern in China, with few relevant research reports, and the current occupational injury surveillance system is far from perfection. From the perspective of protecting workers' occupational health, this paper analyzed and compared the classification and scope of occupational injuries at home and abroad, as well as the status quo of occupational injury surveillance and assessment, and proposed to set up an occupational injury surveillance system with multiple surveillance methods and multiple data sources that complement with each other, so as to strengthen the continuity of surveillance activities, consistency of data formats, and comparability of assessment indicators. Step by step, we can set up a surveillance system covering the whole process of surveillance, assessment, intervention, and evaluation of intervention effects.