上海市青浦区地表水中典型药品和个人护理品污染特征与初步环境风险评估
Pollution characteristics and preliminary environmental risk assessment of typical pharmaceutical and personal care products in surface water of Qingpu District, Shanghai
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摘要:
背景 地表水污染防控是长三角示范区联防联控工作重点，上海市青浦区作为长三角一体化示范区重要组成部分，水资源丰富，畜禽和水产养殖是其重要的经济组成部分，存在药品和个人护理品（PPCPs）的潜在污染风险。
目的 研究上海市青浦区地表水中典型PPCPs的污染水平和分布特征，并对相对高污染的化合物进行初步环境风险评价。
方法 参照HJ 91.2—2022《地表水环境质量监测技术规范》采集上海市青浦区15个位点的地表水，重点关注污水处理厂、畜牧/水产养殖区域等潜在的PPCPs排放区域。选用全自动固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-三重四级杆串联质谱法测定地表水中47种PPCPs的浓度，分析不同PPCPs的区域分布特征，同时针对17种相对浓度较高的PPCPs，利用风险熵法进行初步环境风险评估。
结果 在地表水中共检出36种PPCPs，最大浓度范围为0.53~1720.00 ng·L−1，检出率范围为6.67%~100.00%。检出的PPCPs依次主要为神经兴奋剂（咖啡因）、磺胺类抗生素、喹诺酮类抗生素和心血管药物等。其中，咖啡因浓度范围为77.10~1720.00 ng·L−1，在检出PPCPs总量中占比65.28%；其次为磺胺类抗生素，占比10.38%，主要为磺胺嘧啶和磺胺甲恶唑，最高检测浓度分别为349.00 ng·L−1和23.40 ng·L−1。相比之下，喹诺酮类抗生素和心血管药物检出浓度占比相对较小（分别占7.08%、6.59%）。通过PPCPs空间分布分析可知，除个别位点外，青浦区呈现东北区域和南部污染水平相对较高，中部区域污染低的趋势。尽管地表水中咖啡因浓度较高，但其环境毒性效应低，无明显环境风险；而磺胺嘧啶和沙拉沙星具有潜在高风险（风险熵：1.10~2.59），但沙拉沙星的生态毒性数据非常有限，风险可能被高估。舍曲林、卡马西平、氟西汀、环丙沙星等具有潜在中风险（风险熵：0.103~0.980）。各采样点均存在2~5种PPCPs处于中等及以上环境风险水平。
结论 上海市青浦区地表水存在一定程度的PPCPs污染，具有潜在环境风险的主要污染物为磺胺类抗生素、喹诺酮类抗生素和精神类药物。建议加强磺胺类及喹诺酮类抗生素的监管，并制定重点精神类药物使用与排放管理政策。
Abstract:Background Pollution prevention and control of surface water is the focus of joint prevention and control work in the Yangtze River Delta Demonstration zone. As an important part of the zone, Qingpu District of Shanghai is rich in water resources. However, there are many livestock, poultry, and aquaculture, which may result in potential pollution risks of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs).
Objective To investigate the pollution levels and distribution characteristics of typical PPCPs in the surface water of Qingpu District of Shanghai, and to conduct a preliminary environmental risk assessment for the chemicals with relatively high concentrations.
Methods Surface water samples at 15 pre-determined sites in Qingpu District of Shanghai were collected according to the
Technical specifications for surface water environmental quality monitoring (HJ 91.2-2022), focusing on sewage treatment plants and animal husbandry and aquaculture farms with potential PPCP discharge. A total of 47 PPCPs were determined by automated solid phase extraction coupled with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry in the collected surface water samples. The regional distribution characteristics of different PPCPs were analyzed. Risk quotient was applied to access the preliminary environmental risk of 17 key PPCPs with relatively high concentrations.Results The results showed that 36 PPCPs were positive with a maximum concentration range of 0.53–1720.00 ng·L−1 and a detection rate range of 6.67%–100.00%. The dominant detected PPCPs were neurostimulants (caffeine), sulfonamides, quinolones, and cardiovascular drugs. Caffeine was determined in a concentration range of 77.10–1720.00 ng·L−1, accounting for 65.28% of the total detected PPCPs. Sulfonamides accounted for 10.38% and the typical sulfonamides were sulfadiazine and sulfamethoxazole with the highest detected concentrations of 349.00 ng·L−1 and 23.40 ng·L−1, respectively. In contrast, quinolones and cardiovascular drugs had relatively low proportions (7.08% and 6.59%, respectively). According to the spatial distribution analysis of PPCPs in the surface water of Qingpu District, it exhibited a trend of high pollution level in the northeast and southern regions and a low pollution level in the central region, except for a few sites. Although the caffeine concentration in surface water was high, its ecotoxicity effect was low without obvious environmental risk. However, sulfadiazine and sarafloxacin had a potential high risk (risk quotient: 1.10–2.59). The environmental risks of sarafloxacin might be overestimated for its limited ecotoxicity data. Potential moderate risks (risk quotient: 0.103–0.980) were identified for sertraline, carbamazepine, fluoxetine, and ciprofloxacin, etc. Medium or high environmental risk was found in 2–5 kinds of PPCPs in each sampling site.
Conclusion Pollution of PPCPs to certain extent in the surface water of Qingpu District of Shanghai is determined. Identified potential environmental risks are posed by sulfonamides, quinolones, and neuropathic drugs. It is suggested to strengthen the supervision of sulfanilamides and quinolones, and formulate policies of the use and emission management of key neuropathic drugs.
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