损失工作日在非致命性职业伤害监测评估中的应用：基于欧洲职业事故统计数据
Application of lost workdays in surveillance and assessment of non-fatal occupational injuries: Based on European Statistics on Accidents at Work
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摘要:
背景 英国、美国、德国等国家的职业伤害严重程度通常使用损失工作日来分析，但在我国已有的职业伤害监测相关研究中，损失工作日这一指标的应用相对较少。
目的 探讨损失工作日在非致命性职业伤害监测中的应用价值，为职业伤害监测指标体系构建提供参考依据。
方法 应用欧洲职业事故统计（ESAW）2010—2019年欧盟27个成员国非致命性职业伤害事故的公开数据，非致命性职业伤害是指在职业活动期间或在工作期间导致工人缺勤≥4 d的伤害事件。按照《欧洲职业事故统计概要方法》将损失工作日按照4~6 d、7~13 d、14~20 d、21~30 d、31~91 d、92~182 d、183 d及以上、未知划分为8类，应用Join-point线性回归，采用年度变化百分比（APC）和平均年度变化百分比（AAPC）分析不同损失工作日非致命性职业伤害事故发生比率整体趋势变化情况、重点行业非致命性职业伤害事故整体趋势变化情况，同时结合行业不同损失工作日非致命性职业伤害事故变化情况分析其发生特征。
结果 2010—2019年欧盟总体非致命性职业伤害事故发生率整体呈现下降趋势，AAPC为−1.0%（
P <0.05）。损失工作日4~6 d、92~182 d的事故发生率均呈现上升趋势，AAPC分别为7.9%、5.8%（P <0.05）。C（制造业）、E（供水、污水处理、废物管理和补救）和F（建筑业）的非致命性职业伤害平均年事故发生比率均呈线性下降趋势，AAPC分别为−3.0%、−2.5%、−1.5%（P <0.05）；但其中，制造业损失工作日92~182 d的非致命性职业伤害事故发生率呈明显上升趋势，AAPC为3.7%（P <0.001）。结论 采用损失工作日结合APC、AAPC进行Join-point线性回归分析可衡量不同行业工人、不同损失工作日非致命性职业伤害事故发生的严重程度及趋势变化情况，该指标在评价国家、企业采取职业伤害预防控制策略有效性中有重要的实际意义。
Abstract:Background The severity of occupational injury in countries such as the United Kingdom, the United States, and Germany is usually analyzed using lost workdays, but in existing occupational injury surveillance research in China, the application of this index is rare.
Objective To evaluate the application value of lost workdays in non-fatal occupational injury surveillance, and provide a reference for the construction of occupational injury surveillance index system.
Methods The public data of European Statistics on Accidents at Work (ESAW) from 2010 to 2019 on non-fatal injury accidents in 27 member states of the European Union were used. Non-fatal occupational injury is defined as an injury event during occupational activities or at work resulting a victim's absence from work for ≥4 d. According to the European Statistics on Accidents at Work-Summary methodology, the lost workdays were divided into 8 categories (4-6 d, 7-13 d, 14-20 d, 21-30 d, 31-91 d, 92-182 d, 183 d and above, and unknown). Annual percentage change (APC) and the average annual percentage change (AAPC) were used to evaluate the overall trend changes in the incidence rate of non-fatal occupational injury accidents in different lost workdays from 2010 to 2019, and the non-fatal occupational injury accidents in key industries. The characteristics of the occurrence of non-fatal occupational injuries were analyzed in conjunction with the changes in non-fatal occupational injuries in different lost workdays in the industry.
Results From 2010 to 2019, the overall incidence of non-fatal occupational injury accidents in the European Union showed a downward trend, and the AAPC was −1.0% (
P <0.05). The accident rates of lost workdays of 4-6 d and 92-182 d showed an upward trend, and the AAPC were 7.9% and 5.8% respectively (P <0.05). The average annual accident rates of non-fatal occupational injuries (≥4 d) in Categories C (manufacturing industry), E (water supply, sewage treatment, waste management and remediation), and F (construction industry) showed a linear downward trend, and the AAPC were −3.0%, −2.5%, and −1.5%, respectively (P <0.05). However, among them, the rate of non-fatal occupational injury accidents with 92-182 d of lost workdays in the manufacturing industry showed a significant upward trend, with an AAPC of 3.7% (P <0.001).Conclusion Using lost workdays combined with APC and AAPC by Join-point linear regression analysis can measure the severity and trend changes of non-fatal occupational injury accidents in different industries and different lost workdays. This indicator has an important practical significance in evaluating the effectiveness of occupational injury prevention and control strategies adopted by countries and enterprises.
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