The National Strategy on the Yellow River is an important part of Xi Jinping's Ecological Civilization Thought. Environmental pollution in the Yellow River Basin has a long-term impact on human health. In order to have an in-depth understanding of the effects of environmental pollution on population health in the Yellow River Basin, this review summarized the characteristics of air pollution, water pollution, and soil pollution in the Yellow River Basin, as well as associated human health damage. The atmospheric particulate pollution in the Yellow River Basin is still not optimistic, and ozone pollution and nitrogen dioxide pollution are gradually prominent. Fluoride, iodine, and heavy metals in water are related to various chronic diseases in addition to causing biogeochemical diseases. The soil in the Yellow River Basin is heavily polluted with heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants, and there are also other pollutants such as perfluorooctanoic acid. It is necessary to carry out cross-regional studies and joint exposure studies of air pollutants and other environmental factors, explore in depth the potential pathogenesis of chronic diseases caused by water pollutants, strengthen the dynamic monitoring of these pollutants in soil, and carry out health risk assessment in the future.