Hazardous environmental factors as well as occupational factors can lead to elevated incidence of diseases including tumors, and specific molecular biomarkers are needed to guide the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. In recent years, ubiquitin-specific protease 14 (USP14) has gradually attracted the attention of researchers. USP14 is widely expressed in various organs of human body and regulates the stability and degradation of important proteins in various signaling pathways. Studies have shown that its abnormal expression is highly correlated with tumors, neurodegenerative diseases, autophagy, immune response, and viral infections, and is involved in the regulation of various classic signaling pathways. It has been shown to play a key role in the development of various human diseases and can be used as a diagnostic and prognostic molecular biomarker and therapeutic target in the development of tumors. This paper reviewed the current status of research on the structure and regulation of USP14 and its function in physiological and pathological processes, with the aim of providing a reference for research on diseases or injuries caused by environmental and occupational factors.