2014—2021年石家庄生活饮用水中化学物健康风险评估
Health risk assessment of chemical substances in drinking water in Shijiazhuang from 2014 to 2021
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摘要:
背景 生活饮用水中多种物质对人体健康产生危害，经饮水途径摄入存在一定健康风险。
目的 评估石家庄市2014—2021年生活饮用水致癌与非致癌健康风险。
方法 按照GB/T 5750—2006《生活饮用水标准检验方法》对2014—2021年石家庄市出厂水和末梢水进行采集、保存、检验，共收集10529份生活饮用水水样；采用美国环保署推荐的“四步法”，结合蒙特卡洛概率模型获得化学物不同暴露水平，对饮用水中15种化学物经口途径暴露导致的健康风险进行评估。
结果 对15种饮用水化学物经口途径一般暴露水平与高暴露水平的健康风险进行评估，2014—2021年石家庄市成人经口途径摄入饮用水致癌风险较高的化学物和风险值分别为镉（1.11×10−4、2.98×10−4）、砷（5.88×10−5、1.56×10−4）、铬（5.48×10−5、2.41×10−4），非致癌风险较高的化学物和风险值分别为氟化物（3.57×10−1、6.57×10−1）、砷（1.31×10−1、3.47×10−1）、硝酸盐（1.14×10−1、5.98×10−1）。三氯甲烷、铝的健康风险有所上升，但仍处于可接受范围。男性人群的健康风险较高于女性，如男性中砷一般暴露水平的致癌风险为5.76×10−5，而女性为5.72×10−5；地下水中镉、铬、氟化物、硝酸盐等化学物的健康风险高于地表水，三氯甲烷、四氯化碳的健康风险则低于地表水，如地下水中氟化物一般暴露水平的非致癌风险为3.61×10−1，而地表水为2.27×10−1。输配水环节与水期、季节因素可能会影响饮用水的健康风险，如末梢水中三氯甲烷一般暴露水平的致癌风险较高，为1.75×10−7，而出厂水为8.17×10−8。枯水期中砷一般暴露水平的非致癌风险较高，为1.36×10−1，而丰水期为1.26×10−1。
结论 饮用水中15种化学物，除镉一般暴露水平的致癌风险超过美国环保署推荐的最大可接受范围，其余化学物的健康风险值均低于最大可接受风险。砷、铬的致癌风险和氟化物、砷、硝酸盐的非致癌风险相对较高，但未超过最大可接受范围，高暴露地区及人群生活饮用水管理中应重点关注。
Abstract:Background A variety of substances in drinking water are hazardous to human health and there are health risks associated with ingestion of these substances via drinking water.
Objective To assess the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks of drinking water in Shijiazhuang from 2014 to 2021.
Methods The collection, preservation, and testing of 10529 drinking water samples (including finished water and tap water) in Shijiazhuang were conducted from 2014 to 2021 and followed the
Standard examination methods for drinking water (GB/T 5750—2006). The health risks of 15 chemicals in drinking water by oral exposure were assessed using the US Environmental Protection Agency's four-step method combined with Monte Carlo simulation.Results Among the 15 chemicals in drinking water assessed for their health risks at general exposure levels and high exposure levels via oral route in Shijiazhuang from 2014 to 2021, the leading three chemicals and related values of carcinogenic risks for adults were cadmium (1.11×10−4, 2.98×10−4), arsenic (5.88×10−5, 1.56×10−4), and chromium (5.48×10−5, 2.41×10−4), and the leading three chemicals and related values of non-carcinogenic risks were fluoride (3.57×10−1, 6.57×10−1), arsenic (1.31×10−1, 3.47×10−1), and nitrate (1.14×10−1, 5.98×10−1). The health risk values of trichloromethane and aluminum were elevated but still in acceptable ranges. Drinking water-associated health risk values were higher in males than in females, such as the cancer risk for general exposure levels of arsenic in men was 5.76×10−5, compared to 5.72×10−5 in women. The health risk values of cadmium, chromium, fluoride, nitrate, and other chemicals in ground water were higher than those of surface water, and the health risk values of trichloromethane and carbon tetrachloride were lower than those in surface water, such as the non-carcinogenic risk value for general exposure levels of fluoride in groundwater was 3.61×10−1, compared to 2.27×10−1 in surface water. Factors such as water transmission and distribution links, water period, and season affected the health risks of drinking water. The general exposure levels of trichloromethane in tap water had a higher carcinogenic risk of 1.75×10−7 compared with 8.17×10−8 in finished water. The general levels of arsenic exposure was higher in the dry season at 1.36×10−1, compared with 1.26×10−1 in the wet season.
Conclusion Except that the carcinogenic risk of cadmium at general exposure levels in Shijiazhuang exceeds the maximum acceptable range recommended by US Environmental Protection Agency, the health risk values of the remaining 14 chemicals are below the maximum acceptable risk. The carcinogenic risk values of arsenic and chromium and the non-carcinogenic risk values of fluoride, arsenic, and nitrate are relatively high, but do not exceed the maximum acceptable ranges. The emphasis should be on the management of drinking water in highly exposed areas and populations.
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