5岁儿童新烟碱类杀虫剂暴露水平及其健康风险：基于山东莱州湾出生队列
Levels and health risks of exposure to neonicotinoid insecticides among 5-year-old children: Based on Laizhou Wan Birth Cohort in Shandong Province
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摘要:
背景 新烟碱类杀虫剂（NEOs）是一种新型合成杀虫剂，其作为传统农药的替代品被广泛应用于全球的害虫防治。近期研究表明人类广泛暴露于该类杀虫剂，但关于儿童的NEOs暴露水平和健康风险评估有限。
目的 探索山东莱州湾5岁儿童尿液样本中4种NEOs的暴露水平，并评估该地区儿童单一和累积暴露于该类杀虫剂的健康风险。
方法 以山东莱州湾出生队列（LWBC）中参与5岁随访的205名儿童为研究对象，采用高效液相色谱-三重四级杆串联质谱的方法检测尿液样本中4种NEOs的暴露水平，包括吡虫啉（IMI）、啶虫脒（ACE）、噻虫胺（CLO）和噻虫嗪（THM）。基于检测的NEOs浓度计算其每日估计暴露量（EDI），并采用危害商（HQ，风险阈值为1）法评估NEOs单一暴露的健康风险；利用相对效能因子（RPF）法对4种NEOs的浓度进行IMI标准化校正以计算其累积暴露浓度，再基于HQ法进一步探究累积暴露于4种NEOs的健康风险。
结果 5岁儿童尿液样本中4种NEOs的检出率均在90%以上，其肌酐校正后的中位浓度从高到低依次为：CLO（1.373 μg·g−1）>THM（0.628 μg·g−1）>IMI（0.310 μg·g−1）>ACE（0.073 μg·g−1）。4种NEOs中，IMI的EDI中位数为0.035 µg·kg−1·d−1，高于CLO（0.032 µg·kg−1·d−1）、THM（0.012 µg·kg−1·d−1）和ACE（0.002 µg·kg−1·d−1）的EDI中位数。IMI、CLO、THM和ACE的HQ最大值分别为0.168、0.152、0.055和0.022，均远低于风险阈值1。4种NEOs经IMI标准化校正后的累积暴露浓度的中位数为21.241 μg·g−1，其EDI的中位数为2.370 µg·kg−1·d−1，累积暴露于4种NEOs的HQ最大值也仅为0.694，未超过风险阈值1。
结论 山东莱州湾5岁儿童NEOs暴露较为普遍。尽管该地区儿童单一和累积暴露于NEOs未见明显的健康风险，但与国外部分地区相比，其NEOs的暴露水平更高，长期低剂量暴露于该类杀虫剂可能引起的不良健康效应值得广泛关注。
Abstract:Background Neonicotinoid insecticides (NEOs) are emerging synthetic insecticides that have been used in various pest management regimens worldwide as alternatives to conventional insecticides. Recently, several studies have indicated that humans are widely exposed to NEOs, but limited is known about the levels and associated health risks of NEOs exposure among children.
Objective To estimate exposure levels of four kinds of NEOs in urine samples among 5-year-old children from Laizhou Wan, Shandong Province, and to evaluate health risks of single and cumulative exposure to NEOs among children in this area.
Methods A total of 205 children who participated in the 5-year-old follow-up in Laizhou Wan Birth Cohort (LWBC) were included. Urinary concentrations of four NEOs imidacloprid (IMI), acetamiprid (ACE), clothianidin (CLO), and thiamethoxam (THM) were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Based on the detected NEOs concentrations, estimated daily intake (EDI) was calculated, and the health risk of exposure to single NEO was assessed using hazard quotient (HQ, risk threshold=1). A relative potency factor (RPF) approach was used to standardize the concentrations of the four NEOs by IMI to calculate their cumulative concentrations. Then, the health risk of cumulative exposure to the four NEOs was further evaluated based on the HQ method.
Results The detection rates of the four NEOs in the 5-year-old children were all above 90%, and their median creatinine-adjusted urinary concentrations were in the order from high to low as follows: CLO (1.373 μg·g−1) > THM (0.628 μg·g−1) > IMI (0.310 μg·g−1) > ACE (0.073 μg·g−1). Of the four NEOs, the median EDI of IMI was 0.035 µg·kg−1·d−1, higher than those of CLO (0.032 µg·kg−1·d−1), THM (0.012 µg·kg−1·d−1), and ACE (0.002 µg·kg−1·d−1). The maximum HQ values of IMI, CLO, THM, and ACE were 0.168, 0.152, 0.055, and 0.022, respectively, which were all far lower than the risk threshold of 1. The median concentration of cumulative exposure to the four NEOs standardized by IMI was 21.241 μg·g−1, and its median EDI was 2.370 µg·kg−1·d−1. The maximum HQ of cumulative exposure to the four NEOs was only 0.694, which also did not exceed the risk threshold of 1.
Conclusion NEOs exposure is common among the 5-year-old children in Laizhou Wan, Shandong. Although there is no obvious health risk associated with single and cumulative exposure to NEOs in the children in this area, their exposure levels of NEOs are higher than those in some foreign areas. The adverse health effects of long-term exposure to low dose of NEOs deserve our extensive attention.
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