Abstract: Through analyzing the firefighter death and injury statistics over the years at home and abroad, their health risks were discussed, including fire fighting and emergency rescue, training, long-term exposure to toxic, harmful environment, and high-pressure and high-intensity working conditions; the causes of their death and injury included fire, suffocation, fall, struck by objects, explosion, poisoning, electric shock, and traffic accident. Furthermore, measures to protect the occupational health of firefighters were proposed in three aspects: promoting scientific training, improving occupational health examination, and enhancing the awareness of rights protection, aiming to reduce unnecessary casualties of firefighters.