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上海市水源水及出厂水中卤甲烷、卤乙酸、卤乙腈类消毒副产物含量及健康风险评估

Levels and health risk assessments of halomethanes, haloacetic acids, and haloacetonitriles disinfection by-products in source and finished water in Shanghai

    摘要
  • 摘要:
    背景 消毒副产物作为饮水消毒过程中必然出现的物质，对人群产生的致癌及非致癌风险不容忽视。
    目的 测定上海市水源水和出厂水中卤甲烷、卤乙酸和卤乙腈类消毒副产物的水平，并评估其产生的健康风险。
    方法 于2020年9-10月采集上海市3家自来水厂出厂水及其源头水库的水样(每个点采集6份平行样)，使用气相色谱配备电子俘获检测器检测水中卤甲烷、卤乙酸和卤乙腈类消毒副产物的含量，并运用美国环保署推荐的健康风险评估模型评价饮水消毒副产物经消化道、皮肤及呼吸道暴露途径对不同人群产生的健康风险。
    结果 水源水中可检出三氯甲烷、一溴二氯甲烷、二溴一氯甲烷、二氯乙酸、三氯乙酸。出厂水消毒副产物浓度符合GB/T 5749-2006《生活饮用水卫生标准》，出厂水中卤甲烷、卤乙腈、卤乙酸的总浓度为8.8~23.5、ND~6.76、3.99~14.43 μg·L-1，其中三氯甲烷浓度最高，为5.58~12.74 μg·L-1，其次为一溴二氯甲烷、二氯乙酸、三氯乙酸，浓度分别为ND~5.84、1.72~6.43、0.50~5.43 μg·L-1；卤乙腈中以二氯乙腈及溴乙腈为主，浓度分别为ND~2.17、ND~1.90 μg·L-1。3家水厂出厂水中的消毒副产物对男性、女性及全人群引起的致癌风险为7.25×10-6~2.53×10-5，主要由一溴二氯甲烷、三氯乙酸、二溴一氯甲烷及三氯甲烷贡献；总非致癌风险为0.03~0.06，主要由三氯甲烷、二氯乙酸、二溴一氯甲烷贡献。多种暴露途径的终生致癌风险、非致癌风险分析结果表明，经消化道暴露为主要风险来源，占总致癌风险和非致癌风险的58%~66%、55%~61%。
    结论 卤甲烷中的三氯甲烷、一溴二氯甲烷，卤乙酸中的二氯乙酸、三氯乙酸为上海市水厂出厂水中主要的消毒副产物。在饮水消毒副产物多途径暴露的终生致癌风险、非致癌风险中，经消化道暴露为主要途径。各类消毒副产物产生总致癌风险值超过美国环保署定义的低风险水平，应引起重视。

     

    Abstract:
    Background As an inevitable substance formed during drinking water disinfection, disinfection by-products (DBPs) can not be ignored for their potential carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks in populations.
    Objective This study is designed to determine the levels of DBPs (halomethanes, haloacetic acids, and haloacetonitriles) in source and finished water in Shanghai and evaluate their health risks.
    Methods Water samples from three water plants in Shanghai and from their source water reservoirs were collected (with 6 parallel samples at each point) during September and October, 2020. Gas chromatography equipped with electron capture detector (GC-ECD) were used to detect the concentrations of selected DBPs. The health risk assessment model recommended by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) was utilized to evaluate the health risks of water DBPs through ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact among different populations.
    Results Trichloromethane, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, dichloroacetic acid, and trichloroacetic acid were positive in source water. The concentrations of DBPs in finished water met the Standards for drinking water quality (GB/T 5749-2006). The total concentrations of halomethanes, haloacetonitriles, and haloacetic acids in finished water were 8.8-23.5, ND-6.76, and 3.99-14.43 μg·L-1, and the concentration of trichloromethane was the highest, 5.58-12.74 μg·L-1, followed by bromodichloromethane, dichloroacetic acid, and trichloroacetic acid, with concentrations of ND-5.84, 1.72-6.43, and 0.50-5.43 μg·L-1, respectively. Dichloroacetonitrile and bromoacetonitrile were the main haloacetonitrile, with concentrations of ND-2.17 and ND-1.90μg·L-1, respectively. The carcinogenic risks caused by DBPs in the finished water from the three water plants to men, women, and the whole population ranged from 7.25×10-6-2.53×10-5, mainly contributed by bromodichloromethane, trichloroacetic acid, and dibromochloromethane, while the non-carcinogenic risks were 0.03-0.06, mainly from trichloromethane, dichloroacetic acid, and dibromochloromethane. The main risk source was from the ingestion route, accounting for 58%-66% and 55%-61% of the total carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks.
    Conclusion Trichloromethane, bromodichloromethane, dichloroacetic acid, and trichloroacetic acid are the main DBPs in the finished water of Shanghai water plants. Ingestion route is the main source of lifetime carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks. The total carcinogenic risk of various DBPs is higher than the low risk level defined by the US Environmental Protection Agency, which suggests that more attention should be paid to DBPs.

     

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