空气中邻苯二甲酸酯分布特征与人群暴露研究进展
Research advance on distributon characteristcs of and populaton exposure to phthalates in air
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摘要:
邻苯二甲酸酯（PAEs）是一种环境激素类内分泌干扰物，广泛存在于室内外空气中，可通过呼吸、皮肤接触等方式进入人体，对人体产生健康危害。本文通过检索国内外相关文献资料，描述了室内外空气中PAEs的典型污染来源，综合分析了不同国家和地区室内外空气中不同物质状态的PAEs水平、分布特征及其差异的原因，并总结了不同人群的PAEs暴露水平。研究表明，室内空气PAEs污染主要来自建筑装饰材料、家庭用品、护理用品、医用材料等，而室外空气PAEs污染主要来源于塑料、废弃物。我国室内外空气中的PAEs水平普遍高于发达国家，并呈现一定规律性。室内气态PAEs水平普遍高于颗粒态PAEs，室外PAEs浓度呈现城区大于郊区、海洋区域的区域特征，以及夏季高于冬季的季节特征，室内不同物质状态的PAEs水平高于室外。以上这些都表明人为活动排放、环境封闭性、温度和气象条件都会影响PAEs的分布。人群对空气中PAEs的暴露水平随着年龄的增加而减少。无论在室内还是室外空气中，气态PAEs中邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基）己酯（DEHP）和邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（DEP）是主要污染物，颗粒态PAEs中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）和DEHP是主要污染物。在今后的研究中，应当重点关注不同污染源中PAEs的排放规律及其在不同暴露途径下的人体健康风险，为开展空气中PAEs的有效防控提供依据。
Abstract: Phthalates (PAEs) widely exist in indoor and outdoor air as environmental hormone endocrine disruptors, and have adverse effects on human health through inhalation and skin exposure. By reviewing relevant literature at home and abroad, this article described typical sources of PAEs contaminaton, comprehensively analyzed the levels, distributon characteristcs, and causes of distributon differences of PAEs in different forms in indoor and outdoor air across countries and regions, and summarized the PAEs exposure levels of different populatons. Studies have shown that decoraton materials, house wares, personal care products, and medical supplies are the main sources of indoor PAEs polluton, while plastcs and wastes are the main sources of outdoor PAEs polluton. The PAEs levels in indoor and outdoor air in China are higher than the levels in developed countries, and follow certain paterns. Indoor gaseous PAEs concentraton is generally higher than indoor particulate PAEs concentration; outdoor PAEs concentration is higher in urban areas than in suburban areas and oceans, and higher in summer than in winter; indoor PAEs concentraton is higher than outdoor concentraton, both gaseous and partculate. All these indicate that anthropogenic emissions, closed space, temperature, and meteorological conditons affect the concentraton distributon of PAEs. Populaton exposure to PAEs in the air decreases with older age. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and diethyl phthalate (DEP) are the main pollutants in gaseous PAEs in both indoor and outdoor air, while dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and DEHP are the main components of partculate PAEs. Therefore, future research should focus on the PAEs emission characteristcs from different sources and the health risks of PAEs exposure through different pathways, so as to provide a basis for the effectve preventon and control of PAEs in the air.
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