Abstract: Obesity and associated diseases change toxicokinetic characteristics of chemicals, induce inflammation and oxidative stress, and may aggravate nanoparticles-induced toxicity. Diabetes can deteriorate nanoparticles-induced adverse health effects on the functions of autonomic nerve, sense, and cognition, as well as accelerate the platelet aggregation induced by nanoparticles exposure, thrombosis, atherosclerosis, and plaque development in patients with diabetes mellitus, resulting in the onset or advancement of cardiovascular disease. In addition, hyperlipidemia and nonalcoholic fatty liver related with overweight or obesity exacerbate inflammation and tissue injury induced by nanoparticles. Therefore, based on the physicochemical characteristics of nanoparticles and the physiological characteristics of patients with obesity and associated diseases, a specific policy should be developed to protect the vulnerable population from nanoparticles-induced toxic effects in occupational and living environments.