Abstract: Sand dust pollution is a major environmental factor for respiratory infections among urban residents. This paper summarized domestic and international studies on the changes of environment and human microbial ecological communities through published studies to describe immune response, oxidative damage, and changes in cellular immune function induced by sand dust storm. In comparing the changes of quantity and locations in dominant pathogen communities after sand dust storm, the patterns of human microbial communities in sand dust environment were revealed. The paper also systematically analyzed the coupling mechanism of environmental stimuli-human microbial ecological balance-reactive oxygen species(ROS) production mediated by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate(NADPH) oxidase that regulate cell functions, as well as expounded current research on the relationship of human microbial ecological immune regulation with environmental factors, microbial communities and hosts, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the research and prevention of epidemic endemic caused by increasing sand dust pollution.