飞机维修人员肌肉骨骼疾患检出情况及影响因素

Positive detection and risk factors of musculoskeletal disorders among aircraft maintenance workers

  • 摘要:
    背景 飞机维修人员工作内容复杂,工作强度大、要求高,是工作相关肌肉骨骼疾患(WMSDs)易发人群,但相关研究较为少见。
    目的 调查飞机维修人员WMSDs检出情况,评估其工效学负荷,并分析WMSDs影响因素。
    方法 采用自主编制的工作相关肌肉骨骼疾患调查问卷和快速暴露检查表(QEC)对某飞机维修公司航线检维修、整体大修、附件/起落架大修、发动机大修、产品定制、动力辅助6个部门共2271名男性一线维修人员的基本情况、WMSDs检出情况、工效学负荷进行调查。采用logistic回归模型分析评估颈部、肩部、手/腕部、下背部WMSDs的影响因素。
    结果 飞机维修人员过去12个月的WMSDs总症状阳性率为70.4%(1598/2271),不同部位的症状阳性率为6.6%~49.5%,位于前三位的部位分别是下背部、颈部和膝部,不同部门间的阳性率差异具有统计学差异(P<0.05)。颈部、手/腕部和背部(静态)的QEC平均值处于中水平,肩部和背部(动态)QEC平均值处于高水平,各部位WMSDs症状阳性率随着工效学负荷的增加而增加。本岗位工龄(5~<10、≥20年),工作时背部弯曲、扭曲或侧弯(适度、过度),单手用力的最大水平(高),继续从事这项工作觉得有困难(有时、经常),觉得这项工作紧张(中等、非常)者出现下背部WMSDs的风险更高(OR=1.486、1.505;2.151、3.769;1.637;2.110、2.407;1.637、1.794;P<0.05);本岗位工龄(15~<20、≥20年),工作时头/颈过于弯曲或扭曲(偶尔、持续),继续从事这项工作觉得有困难(有时),觉得这项工作紧张(非常)者出现颈部WMSDs的风险更高(OR=1.731、1.586;3.732、8.341;1.633;1.696;P<0.05);本岗位工龄(15~<20、≥20年),工作时双手的位置(肩部或肩部以上),工作时肩臂动作频率(非常频繁),继续从事这项工作觉得有困难(有时、经常),觉得这项工作紧张(中等、非常)者出现肩部WMSDs的风险更高(OR=1.587、1.709;1.299;1.521;1.643、2.239;1.659、1.977;P<0.05);工作时腕部角度(背离或弯曲),相似动作重复的频率(高),继续从事这项工作觉得有困难(有时、经常),觉得这项工作紧张(中等、非常)者出现手/腕部WMSDs的风险更高(OR=1.692;1.670;1.827、2.884;2.190、2.625;P<0.05)。下班后体育锻炼(≥3次·周−1)者出现颈部WMSDs的风险更低(OR=0.582,P<0.05);倒班者出现肩部和手/腕部WMSDs的风险更低(OR=0.737、0.554,P<0.05)。
    结论 飞机维修人员WMSDs症状阳性率较高,其检出与个体、职业工效学和心理因素有关,应积极采取预防和干预措施。

     

    Abstract:
    Background The job content of aircraft maintenance workers is complex, with high intensity and high requirements, and they are prone to work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs), but related research is relatively rare.
    Objective To investigate the positive rate of WMSDs among aircraft maintenance workers, evaluate ergonomic load, and analyze the risk factors of WMSDs.
    Methods We used a self-compiled questionnaire for WMSDs and the Quick Exposure Checklist (QEC) to investigate the basic situation, positive rate of WMSDs, and the ergonomic load of 2271 male maintenance workers in 6 departments of an aircraft maintenance company, including airline maintenance, overall overhaul, accessory/landing gear overhaul, engine overhaul, product customization, and power assist. We used a logistic regression model to analyze the risk factors of WMSDs in the neck, shoulder, hand/wrist, and lower back.
    Results The positive rate of WMSDs in the past 12 months was 70.4% (1598/2271) and the positive rate of WMSDs in different body parts ranged from 6.6% to 49.5%, with the top three parts of lower back, neck, and knee, respectively. There were statistically significant differences in the positive rate among different departments (P<0.05). The average QEC scores for neck, hand/wrist, and back (static) were moderate, while those for shoulder and back (dynamic) were high, and the body part specific positive rate of WMSDs increased with the increase of ergonomic load level. Working years (5-<10 years, ≥20 years), working with back flexed or twisted or side bent (moderately, excessively), high maximum force level exerted by one hand, and feeling difficult (sometimes, often) and stressful (moderately, very) while working were associated with higher risks of lower back pain (OR=1.486, 1.505; 2.151, 3.769; 1.637; 2.110, 2.407; 1.637, 1.794; P<0.05). Working years (15-<20 years, ≥20 years), working with head/neck bent or twisted (occasionally, continuously), feeling difficult (sometimes) and stressful (very) while working were associated with higher risks of neck pain (OR=1.731, 1.586; 3.732, 8.341; 1.633; 1.696; P<0.05). Working years (15-<20 years, ≥20 years), working with hands in a high position (at shoulder or above), very frequent shoulder/arm movements, feeling difficult (sometimes, often) and stressful (moderately, very) while working were associated with higher risks of shoulder pain (OR=1.587, 1.709; 1.299; 1.521; 1.643, 2.239; 1.659, 1.977; P<0.05). Working with wrist at deviated or bent angle, high repetition of similar movements, feeling difficult (sometimes, often) and stressful (moderately, very) while working were associated with higher risks of hand/wrist pain (OR=1.692; 1.670; 1.827, 2.884; 2.190, 2.625; P <0.05) . Physical exercise after work (≥3 times·week−1) was associated with a lower risk of neck pain (OR=0.582, P<0.05). Shift workers were at a lower risk of shoulder pain and hand/wrist pain (OR=0.737 and 0.554, P<0.05).
    Conclusion The high positive rate of WMSDs symptoms among aircraft maintenance workers is related to individual, occupational ergonomic, and psychological factors, and active prevention and intervention should be taken.

     

/

返回文章
返回