山东省淄博市成年人群生活饮用水9种金属/类金属经口暴露的健康风险评估

朱莎; 何漪; 高慧; 常通; 王韬; 彭程

doi:10.11836/JEOM24076

山东省淄博市成年人群生活饮用水9种金属/类金属经口暴露的健康风险评估

Health risk assessment of oral exposure to 9 metals/ metalloids in drinking water for adults in Zibo, Shandong Province

摘要

摘要:
背景生活饮用水中金属/类金属经口途径暴露对人群的健康产生一定的危害。
目的评估山东省淄博市2019—2023年生活饮用水中9种金属/类金属经口途径暴露的健康风险，为制定本地生活饮用水的管理政策提供参考。
方法采集2019—2023年淄博市8个区县261处农村水监测点、14处城区水监测点的1178份生活饮用水样品。采用美国环保署（US EPA）“四步法”健康评估模型对成年人饮用水中9种金属/类金属经口途径暴露的健康风险进行评估。
结果共采集水样1178份，其中城市水561份，农村水617份；末梢水769份、出厂水409份；丰水期634份，枯水期544份。生活饮用水中成年人砷暴露的致癌风险（CR）中位数为3.53×10⁻⁵，非致癌风险（HQ）中位数为7.85×10⁻²。砷、锌的HQ近年来有升高的趋势，铝的HQ有下降趋势。分层分析结果显示，砷的CR在男性和女性、城市水和农村水之间差异无统计学意义；枯水期砷的CR大于丰水期，末梢水中砷的CR大于出厂水（P<0.05）。饮用水中9种金属/类金属的HQ在男、女之间差异无统计学意义；末梢水中铝、铜、砷、硒、镉的HQ高于出厂水（P<0.05）；枯水期中铝、锰、铜、锌、砷、硒的HQ高于丰水期（P<0.05）；城市水中铝、铜、锌、镉、铅的HQ高于农村水（P<0.05）。
结论淄博市生活饮用水中9种金属/类金属污染物的健康风险总体低于US EPA推荐的最大可接受风险，处于可接受水平，不会对成人健康产生明显危害。砷的健康风险较高，应该引起有关部门的重视，在饮用水风险管理中予以优先关注。

Abstract:
Background Oral exposure to metals/metalloid elements in drinking water may be harmful to human health.
Objective To assess potential health risks of oral exposure to 9 metals/metalloids in drinking water in Zibo City of Shandong Province from 2019 to 2023, and provide reference for the development of local drinking water management policies.
Method From 2019 to 2023, a total of 1178 drinking water samples were collected from 261 rural water monitoring sites and 14 urban water monitoring sites in 8 districts and counties of Zibo City. The US Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) four-step health assessment model was used to evaluate the health risks of oral exposure to 9 metals/metalloids in drinking water for adults.
Results A total of 1178 water samples were collected, including 561 urban water samples and 617 rural water samples; 769 samples of tap water and 409 samples of finished water; 634 samples collected in wet season and 544 in dry season. The median carcinogenic risk (CR) of arsenic exposure in drinking water for adults was 3.53×10⁻⁵, and the median hazard quotient (HQ) was 7.85×10⁻². The HQs of arsenic and zinc showed an upward trend in recent years, while the HQ of aluminum showed a downward trend. The stratified analysis results showed that there was no statistically significant difference in the CR of arsenic between males and females or between urban water and rural water. The CR of arsenic in dry season was higher than that in wet season, and the CR of arsenic in tap water was higher than that in finished water (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the HQs of 9 metals/metalloids in drinking water between males and females. The HQs of aluminum, copper, arsenic, selenium, and cadmium in tap water were higher than those in finished water (P<0.05). In dry season, the HQs of aluminum, manganese, copper, zinc, arsenic, and selenium were higher than those in wet season (P<0.05). The HQs of aluminum, copper, zinc, cadmium, and lead in urban water were higher than those in rural water (P<0.05).
Conclusion The overall health risks of 9 metal/metalloid pollutants in drinking water in Zibo City are lower than the maximum acceptable risk recommended by the US EPA, and suggest an acceptable level and no significant harm to adult health. The health risk of arsenic is relatively high and should be given priority by relevant departments in drinking water risk management.

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