我国成年人膳食镁摄入与高血压发病风险的相关性

王柳森, 王惠君, 王志宏, 姜红如, 李惟怡, 王邵顺子, 郝丽鑫, 张兵, 丁钢强

王柳森, 王惠君, 王志宏, 姜红如, 李惟怡, 王邵顺子, 郝丽鑫, 张兵, 丁钢强. 我国成年人膳食镁摄入与高血压发病风险的相关性[J]. 环境与职业医学, 2022, 39(9): 974-980. DOI: 10.11836/JEOM22080
引用本文: 王柳森, 王惠君, 王志宏, 姜红如, 李惟怡, 王邵顺子, 郝丽鑫, 张兵, 丁钢强. 我国成年人膳食镁摄入与高血压发病风险的相关性[J]. 环境与职业医学, 2022, 39(9): 974-980. DOI: 10.11836/JEOM22080
WANG Liusen, WANG Huijun, WANG Zhihong, JIANG Hongru, LI Weiyi, WANG Shaoshunzi, HAO Lixin, ZHANG Bing, DING Gangqiang. Association between dietary magnesium intake and risk of hypertension in Chinese adults[J]. Journal of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, 2022, 39(9): 974-980. DOI: 10.11836/JEOM22080
Citation: WANG Liusen, WANG Huijun, WANG Zhihong, JIANG Hongru, LI Weiyi, WANG Shaoshunzi, HAO Lixin, ZHANG Bing, DING Gangqiang. Association between dietary magnesium intake and risk of hypertension in Chinese adults[J]. Journal of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, 2022, 39(9): 974-980. DOI: 10.11836/JEOM22080

我国成年人膳食镁摄入与高血压发病风险的相关性

基金项目: 科技部国家重点研发计划(2020YFC2006300);国际合作项目(R01-HD30880,DK056350,R24 HD050924,R01-HD38700);国家财政项目(131031107000160002)
详细信息
    作者简介:

    王柳森(1993—),男,硕士,助理研究员;E-mail:wangls@ninh.chinacdc.cn

    通讯作者:

    张兵,E-mail:zhangbing@chinacdc.cn

    丁钢强,E-mail:dinggq@chinacdc.cn

  • 中图分类号: R151.4+1

Association between dietary magnesium intake and risk of hypertension in Chinese adults

Funds: This study was funded.
More Information
  • 摘要:
    背景

    镁有着重要的生理作用,膳食镁与高血压的发病风险关联性尚不明确,缺乏国内人群的剂量-反应关系研究。

    目的

    分析中国18~64岁成年人膳食镁摄入量与高血压发病风险的关联性,并探讨二者的剂量-反应关系。

    方法

    利用2000—2018年“中国健康与营养调查”的人口特征、膳食和体格测量数据,选择至少参加2轮调查的18~64岁13082名成年人作为研究对象。采用连续“3天24小时膳食回顾法”和“称重记账法”获得膳食数据,采用标准汞柱式血压计测量血压值;当收缩压≥140 mmHg和(或)舒张压≥90 mmHg,既往有高血压史,正在使用降压药物,将被诊断为高血压。采用被调查者全部调查年(不包括最后一次调查)膳食镁摄入量的均值作为该名研究对象的膳食镁摄入量,按平均摄入量水平将人群进行5等分。运用Cox比例风险模型,调整人口社会学因素、体重指数(BMI)、吸烟和饮酒的情况、睡眠时间、身体活动、膳食因素,分析膳食镁摄入量与高血压发病风险的关联性,并通过剔除基线患有糖尿病的人群和调整基线血压值进行敏感性分析;采用限制性立方样条模型校正上述混杂因素,分析镁摄入量与高血压发病风险的剂量-反应关系。

    结果

    研究人群中男性占比47.70%,18~44岁青年人占比72.47%,平均随访年数为12.56年,高血压患病率为13.86%。相比于第1五分位(中位数189.06 mg·d−1)人群,膳食镁摄入量在第4五分位(中位数333.56 mg·d−1)和第5五分位(中位数420.07 mg·d−1)时,与全人群高血压发病的风险呈负相关,风险比(HR)及其95%CI分别为0.81(0.67~0.97)和0.81(0.66~0.99)。剔除基线患有糖尿病的人群和调整基线血压值后,发现膳食镁摄入量与高血压发病风险仍呈负相关,与全人群 HR 值保持一致。进一步分析发现:膳食镁摄入量与全人群高血压发病风险的关联呈非线性关联(χ2=11.07,P=0.01);当膳食镁摄入量高于339 mg·d−1时,高血压的发病风险降低,且在375~418 mg·d−1HR最小(HR=0.65,95%CI:0.45~0.94);之后HR值逐渐趋于1,在467 mg·d−1及以上时,膳食镁摄入量与高血压发病风险的关联无统计学意义。

    结论

    我国成年居民镁摄入量在339~467 mg·d−1范围内与高血压的发病风险明显呈负相关,呈现“U”型的剂量-反应关系。

     

    Abstract:
    Background

    Magnesium plays an important physiological role in human, but the association between dietary magnesium intake and the risk of hypertension is unclear. Few studies have reported the dose-response relationship in Chinese population.

    Objective

    To analyze the relationship between dietary magnesium intake and the risk of hypertension in Chinese adults aged 18-64 years, and to explore the dose-response relationship.

    Methods

    A total of 13082 adults aged 18-64 years who participated in at least two rounds of the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) from 2000 to 2018 were selected. Dietary data were obtained by consecutive 3-day 24-hour dietary recall and weighting & bookkeeping method. Blood pressure was measured with a standard mercury sphygmomanometer. Hypertension was diagnosed when systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg, or self-reported hypertension history or using antihypertensive drugs. The mean of dietary magnesium intake in all survey years (excluding the last survey) was used as the dietary magnesium intake of the subject, and the mean of dietary magnesium intake was divided into 5 equal groups. Cox proportional risk model with adjustments for socio-demographic factors, body mass index (BMI), smoking and drinking, sleep time, physical activity, and dietary factors, was used to analyze the association between dietary magnesium intake and the risk of hypertension. A sensitivity analysis was conducted by excluding baseline diabetes patients and adjusting for baseline blood pressure. In addition, a restricted cubic spline model was used to analyze the dose-response relationship between them.

    Results

    In this study, male participants accounted for 47.70%, and those aged 18-44 years accounted for 72.47%. The mean follow-up time was 12.56 years and the prevalence of hypertension was 13.86%. Dietary magnesium intake was inversely associated with the risk of hypertension at the 4th quintile (median 333.56 mg·d−1) and the 5th quintile (median 420.07 mg·d−1) compared with the 1st quintile (median 189.06 mg·d–1), and the hazard risk (HR) values and associated 95%CIs were 0.81 (0.67-0.97) and 0.81 (0.66-0.99) respectively. After eliminating baseline diabetes and adjusting baseline blood pressure, dietary magnesium intake remained negatively associated with the risk of hypertension, which was consistent with the population-wide HR. The association between dietary magnesium intake and the risk of hypertension was non-linear (χ2=11.07, P=0.01). When dietary magnesium intake was higher than 339 mg·d−1, the risk of hypertension decreased, and the HR value was the lowest in 375-418 mg·d−1 (HR=0.65, 95%CI: 0.45-0.94), and then gradually tended to 1. There was no statistically significant association at 467 mg·d−1 and above.

    Conclusion

    Magnesium intake in the range of 339-467 mg·d−1 is negatively associated with the risk of hypertension in Chinese adults, presenting a U-shaped dose-response relationship.

     

  • 作为全球性的公共卫生问题,高血压是中风、心肌梗死、外周动脉疾病等多种慢性病的主要危险因素。2018年,中国18岁及以上成年居民高血压患病率为27.5%[1]。目前流行病学调查、临床和实验研究均报道镁缺乏可能导致高血压发病[2],而2010—2012年我国居民膳食镁摄入量为每标准人日284.9 mg,低于膳食营养素推荐摄入量(330 mg·d−1[3]

    以往流行病学研究显示低血清镁水平与高血压发病风险呈正相关,但血清镁难以完全代表膳食镁的内暴露量[4]。多项研究表明镁补充剂有一定的降血压作用[5-6],膳食镁摄入与高血压发病呈负相关关系,但无明显的剂量-反应关系[7],也有研究表明膳食镁与血压之间的关系尚不清楚[8]。目前尚缺乏我国人群的相关研究,并且我国膳食镁推荐摄入量制定的科学证据主要来源于国外人群研究。

    本研究拟利用“中国健康与营养调查”中2000—2018年膳食调查和体格测量数据,分析中国18~64岁成年人膳食镁摄入量与高血压发病风险的关联性,并探讨二者的剂量-反应关系。

    本研究利用“中国健康与营养调查”纵向队列研究数据,该项目是由中国疾病预防控制中心营养与健康所和美国北卡罗来纳大学在1989年合作启动的,至今已对辽宁、江苏、山东、河南、湖北、湖南、广西、贵州、黑龙江、北京、上海、重庆、陕西、云南和浙江共15个省(直辖市、自治区)开展了11轮随访。抽样方法、调查方案和内容参见文献[9-10]。本项目通过中国疾病预防控制中心营养与健康所伦理审查委员会审查(编号:2018-004),调查对象均签署知情同意书。

    本研究选择2000、2004、2006、2009、2011、2015和2018年7轮调查中至少参加2轮调查的18~64岁成年人作为研究人群。剔除标准:①数据缺失者,缺失信息包括人口学信息(年龄、性别、收入、教育、城乡)、膳食、血压、生活习惯(吸烟、饮酒、身体活动、睡眠时间)、体格测量(身高、体重),1021人;②数据异常者,包括能量摄入异常[11](男性,能量摄入高于25115.11 kJ或低于3348.68 kJ;女性,能量摄入高于16743.41 kJ或低于2511.51 kJ),血压测量异常[12](收缩压<60 mmHg或舒张压<40 mmHg),以保证模型拟合优度和把握度,1464人;③基线患有高血压、既往有高血压史、正在使用降压药物者,1916人。最终选择13082名成年人作为研究对象,平均随访3.4次,平均随访年数为12.56年。

    采用连续“3天24小时膳食回顾法”收集个人每日食物摄入状况,采用“称重记账法”收集3 d的食用油和调味品消费量,将家庭食用油和调味品消费量按家庭中个人能量消费比例分配到个人。借助《中国食物成分表》[13-14]中的食物营养素数据,将收集到的食物消费量转换成能量和营养素摄入量。

    考虑膳食镁的滞后效应和连续“3天24小时膳食回顾法”对于膳食营养素长期摄入水平的评估不足,采用被调查者全部调查年(不包括最后一次调查)膳食镁摄入量的均值作为该名研究对象的膳食镁摄入量。在分类时,按平均摄入量将全部人群进行5等分(即分为Q1−Q5组)。

    采用标准汞柱式血压计测量血压,根据Korotkoff音确定收缩压和舒张压,对每一名被调查对象进行连续3次规范测量,取3次读数的平均值为个体血压值。依据《中国高血压防治指南(2018年修订版)》,当收缩压≥140 mmHg和(或)舒张压≥90 mmHg,既往有高血压史,正在使用降压药物,将被诊断为高血压[15]

    经培训合格的现场调查人员入户通过问卷调查获得相关信息,包括性别、年龄、城乡、收入、文化程度等。体格测量由经统一培训考核合格的现场调查员完成,测量前校准仪器。身高测量采用SECA206身高计,测量时脱鞋帽,读数精确到0.1 cm;体重计量采用电子体重称,测量时只穿少量衣服,读数精确到0.1 kg。根据《中华人民共和国卫生行业标准——成人体重判定》计算体重指数(body mass index, BMI)=体重(kg)/[身高(m)]2,定义BMI<18.5 kg·m−2为体重不足,18.5 kg·m−2≤BMI<24.0 kg·m−2为体重正常,24.0 kg·m−2≤BMI<28.0 kg·m−2为超重,BMI≥28.0 kg·m−2为肥胖。

    年龄分为18~44、45~64岁两组;将家庭人均年收入水平划分为三等分,分为低(2 725元以下)、中(2 725~7 314元)、高水平(7 314元以上);文化程度分为小学及以下、中学和高中及以上;地理位置划分西部(重庆、贵州、云南、陕西、广西)、中部(黑龙江、河南、湖北、湖南)和东部(北京、辽宁、上海、江苏、浙江、山东);过去一年吸烟情况分为吸过、未吸过;过去一年饮酒情况分为喝过、未喝过;睡眠时间按时长分为2类(<6 h或>8 h、6~8 h);个人每日膳食能量、钠、钾、钙和膳食纤维摄入量通过膳食数据计算所得;身体活动包括休闲性体育活动和职业性、交通性及家务性身体活动,用各项活动代谢当量(metabolic equivalent, MET)与活动的时间(h·周−1)的乘积加和评估身体活动量(MET·h·周−1)。

    采用SAS 9.4和Stata/SE 15.1对数据进行处理分析。不同膳食镁摄入量人群的性别、年龄、城乡、地区、教育水平、收入水平、过去一年吸烟及饮酒状况、睡眠时间的分布差异比较采用卡方检验;膳食能量和钠、钾、钙、膳食纤维摄入量,身体活动量的差异比较采用Kruskal-Wallis检验。采用Cox比例风险模型分析膳食镁摄入量与高血压发病风险的关联性,模型逐步校正人口社会学、生活习惯、膳食和身体活动等因素;结合交互作用检验结果,分别建立城乡和教育水平分层模型;最后剔除基线糖尿病患者、校正基线血压值进行敏感性分析。运用限制性立方样条Cox比例风险回归模型,构建膳食镁摄入量与高血压发病风险的剂量-反应关系。检验水准α=0.05(双侧)。

    13082名调查对象中,男性6240人(47.70%),18~44岁青年9481人(72.47%),高血压患病率为13.86%(其中男性13.89%,女性13.83%)。男性、18~44岁、农村、东部地区、小学及以下文化程度和低收入组人群中,高膳食镁摄入量的人群比例较高(P<0.01),不同BMI人群膳食镁摄入量差异无统计学意义(P=0.570)。随膳食镁摄入量的增加,膳食能量、钾、钠、钙和膳食纤维的摄入量均增加(P<0.01)。见表1表2

    表  1  基线调查时不同膳食镁摄入量人群人口特征分布(n=13082)
    Table  1.  Distribution of demographic characteristics of residents by different dietary magnesium intakes at baseline(n=13082) 单位(Unit):%
    类别(Category)膳食镁摄入量分组(Quintile of dietary magnesium intake)P
    Q1Q2Q3Q4Q5
    性别(Gender)<0.01
     男(Male)(n=6240)13.7517.1819.7822.8726.43
     女(Female)(n=6842)25.6822.6020.2117.3914.12
    年龄/岁(Age/years)<0.01
     18~44(n=9481)17.8719.8620.7220.7020.85
     45~64(n=3601)25.5820.4118.1318.1617.72
    体重指数水平(BMI level)0.570
     体重不足(Underweight)(n=693)21.0721.7921.0718.0418.04
     正常(Normal)(n=7616)20.0120.1419.8420.0919.92
     超重(Overweight)(n=3685)19.7319.5419.8119.8921.03
     肥胖(Obesity)(n=1088)20.0419.5821.1421.0518.20
    城乡(Urban & rural divide)<0.01
     农村(Rural)(n=8575)17.5218.2519.8421.2523.15
     城市(Urban)(n=4507)24.6923.3620.3217.6413.98
    地理位置(Geo-location)<0.01
     中部(Middle)(n=4440)14.1022.6421.6921.5820.00
     东部(East)(n=4920)20.5716.6518.3920.3924.00
     西部(West)(n=3722)26.2521.3320.1217.6214.67
    受教育程度(Education)<0.01
     小学及以下(Primary school and below)(n=4862)16.0419.0920.8121.3122.75
     中学(Middle school)(n=4361)19.4919.3519.5420.7520.87
     高中及以上(High school and above)(n=3859)25.5221.9219.5117.5215.52
    年收入水平(Annual income level)<0.01
     低(Low)(n=4360)12.0918.5120.7323.0725.60
     中(Middle)(n=4362)15.7320.4321.6622.0820.11
     高(High)(n=4360)32.1621.1017.6114.8614.27
    过去一年吸烟(Smoking in the past year)<0.01
     未吸(No)(n=8994)23.0521.5120.3018.2116.92
     吸烟(Yes)(n=4088)13.2616.7119.3523.9526.74
    过去一年饮酒(Drinking in the past year)<0.01
     未饮(No)(n=8427)23.4621.7619.9718.2416.57
     饮酒(Yes)(n=4655)13.7116.8420.0623.2026.19
    睡眠时间(Sleep time)/h<0.01
     6~8(n=5641)29.5521.1517.1416.0316.13
     <6 or >8(n=7441)12.7419.1522.1723.0222.91
    身体活动/(MET·h 周−1)(Physical activity)/(MET·h week−1)(n=13 082 )194.33±182.94224.49±210.51248.95±217.39260.58±221.81267.28±220.92<0.01
    [注] 按膳食镁摄入量的五分位数分组,Q1—Q5组膳食镁摄入量的MP25P75)分别为:189.06(163.24,207.43)、244.68(234.22,255.46)、286.07(275.84,296.64)、333.56(320.25,350.37)、420.07(389.76,476.60) mg·d−1。[Note] Grouped by quintile of dietary magnesium intake, the M (P25, P75) of dietary magnesium intake in the Q1-Q5 groups were: 189.06(163.24, 207.43), 244.68(234.22, 255.46), 286.07(275.84, 296.64), 333.56(320.25, 350.37), 420.07(389.76, 476.60) mg·d−1 respectively.
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    表  2  基线调查时不同膳食镁摄入量人群能量及膳食营养素的摄入量($ \bar{x} \pm s $n=13082)
    Table  2.  Energy and dietary nutrients intakes of residents by different dietary magnesium intakes at baseline ($ \bar{x} \pm s $, n=13082)
    能量及各类营养素(Energy and dietary nutrients)膳食镁摄入量分组(Quintile of dietary magnesium intake)P
    Q1Q2Q3Q4Q5
    能量(Energy)/(kJ·d−1)6753.66±1989.918565.34±2161.209471.54±2347.2610441.11±2593.3011956.22±3181.00<0.01
    膳食镁(Dietary magnesium)/(mg·d−1)182.00±31.08244.42±12.54286.37±12.05335.44±17.55451.62±102.84<0.01
    膳食钾(Dietary potassium)/(mg·d−1)1130.01±336.121448.44±380.291634.20±461.691838.53±539.972377.86±1268.38<0.01
    膳食钠(Dietary sodium)/(mg·d−1)4327.83±3888.225268.59±4119.365893.92±4941.886598.08±5464.607385.44±6676.69<0.01
    膳食钙(Dietary calcium)/(mg·d−1)257.24±123.07334.45±146.21378.65±170.56422.53±201.96578.74±446.86<0.01
    膳食纤维(Dietary fiber)/(mg·d−1)7.58±3.779.54±4.6010.97±5.3613.32±8.2918.54±12.78<0.01
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    粗模型中膳食镁摄入量(Q2组)与高血压发病风险的风险比(hazard ratio, HR)及其95%CI为0.79(0.67~0.94);随着摄入量增加,HR值不断减小(P趋势<0.01),在Q5组,HR值升高。在逐步调整其他混杂因素后,膳食镁摄入量与高血压的发病风险依旧呈负相关;但与粗模型不同的是,调整所有混杂因素后的模型四,仅在Q4组[0.81(0.67~0.97)]和Q5组[0.81(0.66~0.99)],HR值才有统计学意义。见表3

    表  3  膳食镁摄入量与高血压发病风险Cox比例风险模型
    Table  3.  Cox proportional hazards model of dietary magnesium intake and hypertension risk
    膳食镁五分位数分组
    (Quintile of dietary magnesium)
    粗模型
    (Crude model)
    模型一
    (Model 1)
    模型二
    (Model 2)
    模型三
    (Model 3)
    模型四
    (Model 4)
    Q11.001.001.001.001.00
    Q20.79(0.67~0.94)0.88(0.74~1.04)0.89(0.75~1.06)0.89(0.75~1.05)0.91(0.76~1.08)
    Q30.77(0.65~0.90)0.88(0.75~1.04)0.89(0.75~1.05)0.88(0.74~1.04)0.90(0.75~1.07)
    Q40.69(0.59~0.81)0.79(0.67~0.94)0.79(0.66~0.94)0.78(0.66~0.93)0.81(0.67~0.97)
    Q50.70(0.60~0.83)0.82(0.69~0.97)0.82(0.69~0.98)0.82(0.69~0.98)0.81(0.66~0.99)
    P趋势(Ptrend)<0.010.010.020.010.02
    [注] 粗模型为未调整混杂因素;模型一调整了性别、年龄、BMI;模型二在模型一的基础上调整了受教育水平、城乡、地理位置和年收入水平;模型三在模型二的基础上调整了过去一年吸烟和饮酒的情况;模型四在模型三的基础上调整了睡眠时间、身体活动水平、膳食能量摄入量、膳食钾/钠/钙/纤维的摄入量。[Note] Confounding factors were not adjusted in the Crude model;Model 1 adjusted for gender, age, and BMI; Model 2 adjusted education, urban & rural divide, geo-location and annual income level based on Model 1; Model 3 adjusted for smoking and drinking in the past year based on Model 2; Model 4 adjusted for sleep time, physical activity, dietary energy intake, dietary potassium, sodium, calcium and fiber intake based on Model 3.
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    剔除基线患有糖尿病的人群和调整基线血压值后,发现膳食镁摄入量与高血压发病风险仍呈负相关,Q4、Q5组的HR值在0.81~0.82之间,与全人群的模型四中所得HR值保持一致。见补充材料表S1

    膳食镁摄入量与高血压发病风险关联在城乡和不同教育水平间差异具有统计学意义(均P交互=0.02)。仅在农村和小学及以下文化程度的人群中膳食镁摄入量与高血压发病呈负相关,Q5的HR(95%CI)值分别为0.70(0.55~0.90)和0.66(0.48~0.89)。见表4

    表  4  膳食镁摄入量与高血压发病风险Cox比例风险模型分层分析
    Table  4.  Stratified Cox proportional hazard model analysis of dietary magnesium intake and hypertension risk
    膳食镁五分位数分组(Dietary magnesium)城乡(Urban & rural divide)受教育水平(Education)
    农村(Rural)城市(Urban)小学及以下
    (Primary school and below)
    中学
    (Middle school)
    高中及以上
    (High school and above)
    Q11.001.001.001.001.00
    Q20.83(0.66~1.04)1.09(0.82~1.45)0.86(0.66~1.12)0.84(0.61~1.16)1.12(0.76~1.64)
    Q30.86(0.69~1.08)1.03(0.76~1.39)0.85(0.65~1.11)0.80(0.57~1.12)1.16(0.79~1.71)
    Q40.77(0.61~0.97)1.04(0.74~1.46)0.64(0.48~0.85)0.83(0.59~1.18)1.37(0.92~2.04)
    Q50.70(0.55~0.90)1.39(0.95~2.02)0.66(0.48~0.89)0.82(0.56~1.21)1.06(0.68~1.67)
    P趋势 (Ptrend)<0.010.21<0.010.420.47
    P交互(Pinteraction)0.020.02
    [注] 模型调整了性别、年龄、BMI、受教育水平(教育分层除外)、城乡(城乡分层除外)、地理位置、年收入水平、过去一年吸烟和饮酒的情况、睡眠时间、身体活动水平、膳食能量摄入量、膳食钾/钠/钙/纤维的摄入量。[Note] The model adjusted for sex, age, BMI, education (excluding education stratification), urban & rural divide (excluding urban & rural stratification), geo-location, annual income level, smoking and drinking in the past year, sleep time, physical activity, dietary energy intake, dietary potassium, sodium, calcium and dietary fiber intake.
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    模型调整了性别、年龄、BMI、受教育水平、城乡、地理位置、收入水平、过去一年吸烟和饮酒的情况、睡眠时间、身体活动水平、膳食能量摄入量、膳食钾/钠/钙/纤维的摄入量。结果显示,膳食镁摄入量与高血压发病风险的关联有统计学意义(χ2=11.86,P=0.02)且呈非线性(χ2=11.07,P=0.01)。在全人群中,当膳食镁摄入量高于339 mg·d−1时,高血压的发病风险降低;研究人群膳食镁摄入量的逐点分析发现,在375~418 mg·d−1HR值最小(HR=0.65,95%CI:0.45~0.94),之后HR值逐渐趋于1,在467 mg·d−1及以上膳食镁摄入量与高血压发病风险的关联无统计学意义(图1)。

    图  1  基于限制性立方样条Cox比例风险回归模型构建的膳食镁摄入量与高血压发病风险的剂量-反应关系
    A:全人群;B:农村人群;C:城市人群;D:小学及以下;E:中学;F:高中及以上。4节点分别为P25P50P75P95,以P75为参考值。
    Figure  1.  Dose-response relationship between dietary magnesium intake and the risk of hypertension based on a restricted cubic spline Cox proportional risk regression model
    A: Total population; B: Rural; C: Urban; D: Primary school and below; E: Middle school; F: High school and above. The four nodes are P25, P50, P75, and P95, respectively. The reference is P75.

    在分层分析中:农村人群的膳食镁摄入量,在248 mg·d−1时呈负向关联,在424~446 mg·d−1HR值最小(HR=0.49,95%CI:0.31~0.76),在超过635 mg·d−1时无统计学意义;小学及以下受教育程度人群的膳食镁摄入量,在330 mg·d−1时呈现负向关联,在398~406 mg·d−1HR值最小(HR=0.50,95%CI:0.31~0.82),在超过504 mg·d−1时无统计学意义;中学受教育程度人群的膳食镁摄入量,在56 mg·d−1时呈负向关联,在280~299 mg·d−1HR值最小(HR=0.43,95%CI:0.21~0.88),在超过728 mg·d−1时无统计学意义。见图1

    本研究利用“中国健康与营养调查”数据,分析成年人膳食镁摄入量与高血压发病风险的关系,发现膳食镁摄入量与高血压发病风险呈负相关,相较摄入量中位数为189.06 mg·d−1的人群(成年人膳食镁的推荐摄入量是330 mg[16]),镁摄入量中位数为333.56 mg·d−1和420.07 mg·d−1的人群,其高血压发病风险下降了19%。本研究中膳食镁与高血压的发病风险呈现“U”型的剂量-反应关系。

    meta分析显示,膳食镁摄入量与高血压风险之间存在负相关(RR=0.92,95%CI:0.86~0.98)[7]。研究显示镁可以通过调节血管的收缩和舒张,影响胰岛素敏感性,调节氧化应激和炎症反应等途径影响血压变化[17],本研究中膳食镁对于高血压的负性影响在生理学和流行病学的研究中结论较为一致。

    以往的剂量-反应关系研究显示,每天增加100 mg镁的摄入量可以降低5%的高血压风险(RR=0.95,95%CI:0.90~1.00);膳食镁摄入量与高血压风险之间存在边际线性关系,未发现非线性关系[7]。Dominguez等[18]的研究显示,镁摄入量在400~500 mg·d−1时高血压HR值最小,在>500 mg·d−1HR值升高,不同摄入量组HR值呈“U”型变化。该研究中,高水平镁摄入量人群较少,与本研究膳食镁摄入量分布特点较为一致,但其HR值最低时所对应的镁摄入量范围比本研究高,可能是由于其采用膳食镁和镁补充剂的摄入量总和作为镁摄入量研究所致。考虑到不同种族之间的差异,膳食镁摄入量与高血压发病风险的剂量-反应关系还需要进一步的研究和证实。

    镁元素对于机体血压的影响分析结果显示,当镁缺乏时,血压上升;当镁摄入量足量或给予镁补充剂时,血压下降[19]。本研究中,相对于膳食镁缺乏组(Q1),膳食镁摄入量足量组(Q5)的高血压发病风险下降,但当低于膳食镁375 mg·d−1时,膳食镁与高血压发病风险的关联作用逐渐消失。目前我国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量中仅对镁设立了推荐摄入量[16],建议结合相关研究对镁元素设立预防非传染性慢性病的建议摄入量。

    本研究分层分析结果显示,在农村人群和小学及以下文化水平人群中膳食镁摄入量与高血压发病风险呈负相关。这可能与我国城乡居民、不同教育水平间的膳食差异有关。我国居民膳食镁摄入的主要食物来源为谷薯类[20],农村人群和小学及以下文化水平的人群,其谷薯类摄入量较高[21]。本研究中膳食镁摄入量在城乡和不同文化程度人群的分布具有差异性,可能由于在第4五分位和第5五分位中受调查的城市人群和高中及以上文化程度人群过少,导致膳食镁和高血压发病风险关系不能确定。

    本研究采用“中国健康与营养调查”大型队列研究数据来分析不同膳食镁摄入水平对于高血压的影响,样本量较为充足;通过前瞻性研究保证了科学证据的时序性;结合限制性立方样条模型,探索了膳食镁摄入量与高血压发病风险的剂量-反应关系。但本研究也有一定的局限性,虽然尽量控制了高血压发病的影响因素,但被调查者精神状况、睡眠周期节律、其他药物使用情况等未测量的或未知的因素未加以考虑完全。由于尚缺乏对于膳食镁摄入量内暴露的有效评估方法,本研究缺乏体内和体外研究的相互联系。本研究中也未考虑镁补充剂对于膳食镁与高血压关联性的影响。

    综上所述,在我国成年居民中,膳食镁摄入量在339~467 mg·d−1范围内与高血压的发病风险呈负相关,呈现“U”型的剂量-反应关系。应鼓励成年人多食用蔬菜、坚果、全谷类、豆类等食物,保证充足的镁摄入量,从而预防高血压,降低相关的心血管病发病风险。

  • 图  1   基于限制性立方样条Cox比例风险回归模型构建的膳食镁摄入量与高血压发病风险的剂量-反应关系

    A:全人群;B:农村人群;C:城市人群;D:小学及以下;E:中学;F:高中及以上。4节点分别为P25P50P75P95,以P75为参考值。

    Figure  1.   Dose-response relationship between dietary magnesium intake and the risk of hypertension based on a restricted cubic spline Cox proportional risk regression model

    A: Total population; B: Rural; C: Urban; D: Primary school and below; E: Middle school; F: High school and above. The four nodes are P25, P50, P75, and P95, respectively. The reference is P75.

    表  1   基线调查时不同膳食镁摄入量人群人口特征分布(n=13082)

    Table  1   Distribution of demographic characteristics of residents by different dietary magnesium intakes at baseline(n=13082) 单位(Unit):%

    类别(Category)膳食镁摄入量分组(Quintile of dietary magnesium intake)P
    Q1Q2Q3Q4Q5
    性别(Gender)<0.01
     男(Male)(n=6240)13.7517.1819.7822.8726.43
     女(Female)(n=6842)25.6822.6020.2117.3914.12
    年龄/岁(Age/years)<0.01
     18~44(n=9481)17.8719.8620.7220.7020.85
     45~64(n=3601)25.5820.4118.1318.1617.72
    体重指数水平(BMI level)0.570
     体重不足(Underweight)(n=693)21.0721.7921.0718.0418.04
     正常(Normal)(n=7616)20.0120.1419.8420.0919.92
     超重(Overweight)(n=3685)19.7319.5419.8119.8921.03
     肥胖(Obesity)(n=1088)20.0419.5821.1421.0518.20
    城乡(Urban & rural divide)<0.01
     农村(Rural)(n=8575)17.5218.2519.8421.2523.15
     城市(Urban)(n=4507)24.6923.3620.3217.6413.98
    地理位置(Geo-location)<0.01
     中部(Middle)(n=4440)14.1022.6421.6921.5820.00
     东部(East)(n=4920)20.5716.6518.3920.3924.00
     西部(West)(n=3722)26.2521.3320.1217.6214.67
    受教育程度(Education)<0.01
     小学及以下(Primary school and below)(n=4862)16.0419.0920.8121.3122.75
     中学(Middle school)(n=4361)19.4919.3519.5420.7520.87
     高中及以上(High school and above)(n=3859)25.5221.9219.5117.5215.52
    年收入水平(Annual income level)<0.01
     低(Low)(n=4360)12.0918.5120.7323.0725.60
     中(Middle)(n=4362)15.7320.4321.6622.0820.11
     高(High)(n=4360)32.1621.1017.6114.8614.27
    过去一年吸烟(Smoking in the past year)<0.01
     未吸(No)(n=8994)23.0521.5120.3018.2116.92
     吸烟(Yes)(n=4088)13.2616.7119.3523.9526.74
    过去一年饮酒(Drinking in the past year)<0.01
     未饮(No)(n=8427)23.4621.7619.9718.2416.57
     饮酒(Yes)(n=4655)13.7116.8420.0623.2026.19
    睡眠时间(Sleep time)/h<0.01
     6~8(n=5641)29.5521.1517.1416.0316.13
     <6 or >8(n=7441)12.7419.1522.1723.0222.91
    身体活动/(MET·h 周−1)(Physical activity)/(MET·h week−1)(n=13 082 )194.33±182.94224.49±210.51248.95±217.39260.58±221.81267.28±220.92<0.01
    [注] 按膳食镁摄入量的五分位数分组,Q1—Q5组膳食镁摄入量的MP25P75)分别为:189.06(163.24,207.43)、244.68(234.22,255.46)、286.07(275.84,296.64)、333.56(320.25,350.37)、420.07(389.76,476.60) mg·d−1。[Note] Grouped by quintile of dietary magnesium intake, the M (P25, P75) of dietary magnesium intake in the Q1-Q5 groups were: 189.06(163.24, 207.43), 244.68(234.22, 255.46), 286.07(275.84, 296.64), 333.56(320.25, 350.37), 420.07(389.76, 476.60) mg·d−1 respectively.
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  2   基线调查时不同膳食镁摄入量人群能量及膳食营养素的摄入量($ \bar{x} \pm s $n=13082)

    Table  2   Energy and dietary nutrients intakes of residents by different dietary magnesium intakes at baseline ($ \bar{x} \pm s $, n=13082)

    能量及各类营养素(Energy and dietary nutrients)膳食镁摄入量分组(Quintile of dietary magnesium intake)P
    Q1Q2Q3Q4Q5
    能量(Energy)/(kJ·d−1)6753.66±1989.918565.34±2161.209471.54±2347.2610441.11±2593.3011956.22±3181.00<0.01
    膳食镁(Dietary magnesium)/(mg·d−1)182.00±31.08244.42±12.54286.37±12.05335.44±17.55451.62±102.84<0.01
    膳食钾(Dietary potassium)/(mg·d−1)1130.01±336.121448.44±380.291634.20±461.691838.53±539.972377.86±1268.38<0.01
    膳食钠(Dietary sodium)/(mg·d−1)4327.83±3888.225268.59±4119.365893.92±4941.886598.08±5464.607385.44±6676.69<0.01
    膳食钙(Dietary calcium)/(mg·d−1)257.24±123.07334.45±146.21378.65±170.56422.53±201.96578.74±446.86<0.01
    膳食纤维(Dietary fiber)/(mg·d−1)7.58±3.779.54±4.6010.97±5.3613.32±8.2918.54±12.78<0.01
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  3   膳食镁摄入量与高血压发病风险Cox比例风险模型

    Table  3   Cox proportional hazards model of dietary magnesium intake and hypertension risk

    膳食镁五分位数分组
    (Quintile of dietary magnesium)
    粗模型
    (Crude model)
    模型一
    (Model 1)
    模型二
    (Model 2)
    模型三
    (Model 3)
    模型四
    (Model 4)
    Q11.001.001.001.001.00
    Q20.79(0.67~0.94)0.88(0.74~1.04)0.89(0.75~1.06)0.89(0.75~1.05)0.91(0.76~1.08)
    Q30.77(0.65~0.90)0.88(0.75~1.04)0.89(0.75~1.05)0.88(0.74~1.04)0.90(0.75~1.07)
    Q40.69(0.59~0.81)0.79(0.67~0.94)0.79(0.66~0.94)0.78(0.66~0.93)0.81(0.67~0.97)
    Q50.70(0.60~0.83)0.82(0.69~0.97)0.82(0.69~0.98)0.82(0.69~0.98)0.81(0.66~0.99)
    P趋势(Ptrend)<0.010.010.020.010.02
    [注] 粗模型为未调整混杂因素;模型一调整了性别、年龄、BMI;模型二在模型一的基础上调整了受教育水平、城乡、地理位置和年收入水平;模型三在模型二的基础上调整了过去一年吸烟和饮酒的情况;模型四在模型三的基础上调整了睡眠时间、身体活动水平、膳食能量摄入量、膳食钾/钠/钙/纤维的摄入量。[Note] Confounding factors were not adjusted in the Crude model;Model 1 adjusted for gender, age, and BMI; Model 2 adjusted education, urban & rural divide, geo-location and annual income level based on Model 1; Model 3 adjusted for smoking and drinking in the past year based on Model 2; Model 4 adjusted for sleep time, physical activity, dietary energy intake, dietary potassium, sodium, calcium and fiber intake based on Model 3.
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  4   膳食镁摄入量与高血压发病风险Cox比例风险模型分层分析

    Table  4   Stratified Cox proportional hazard model analysis of dietary magnesium intake and hypertension risk

    膳食镁五分位数分组(Dietary magnesium)城乡(Urban & rural divide)受教育水平(Education)
    农村(Rural)城市(Urban)小学及以下
    (Primary school and below)
    中学
    (Middle school)
    高中及以上
    (High school and above)
    Q11.001.001.001.001.00
    Q20.83(0.66~1.04)1.09(0.82~1.45)0.86(0.66~1.12)0.84(0.61~1.16)1.12(0.76~1.64)
    Q30.86(0.69~1.08)1.03(0.76~1.39)0.85(0.65~1.11)0.80(0.57~1.12)1.16(0.79~1.71)
    Q40.77(0.61~0.97)1.04(0.74~1.46)0.64(0.48~0.85)0.83(0.59~1.18)1.37(0.92~2.04)
    Q50.70(0.55~0.90)1.39(0.95~2.02)0.66(0.48~0.89)0.82(0.56~1.21)1.06(0.68~1.67)
    P趋势 (Ptrend)<0.010.21<0.010.420.47
    P交互(Pinteraction)0.020.02
    [注] 模型调整了性别、年龄、BMI、受教育水平(教育分层除外)、城乡(城乡分层除外)、地理位置、年收入水平、过去一年吸烟和饮酒的情况、睡眠时间、身体活动水平、膳食能量摄入量、膳食钾/钠/钙/纤维的摄入量。[Note] The model adjusted for sex, age, BMI, education (excluding education stratification), urban & rural divide (excluding urban & rural stratification), geo-location, annual income level, smoking and drinking in the past year, sleep time, physical activity, dietary energy intake, dietary potassium, sodium, calcium and dietary fiber intake.
    下载: 导出CSV
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出版历程
  • 收稿日期:  2022-03-06
  • 录用日期:  2022-07-13
  • 网络出版日期:  2022-11-20
  • 刊出日期:  2022-09-24

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