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摘要:[背景] 很多研究证实森林环境有良好的复愈性，也有研究者试图找到影响复愈性的自然因素，但目前研究尚未关注到森林的季节性差异对其复愈性的影响。
[目的] 评估两类森林环境在不同季节的复愈性变化。
[方法] 实验时间为2017年4月（春）、6月（夏）、10月（秋）。三季分别招募40、18、20人。春季采用被试间设计，研究对象随机分配到北京某城郊开发区域森林公园和某半原始区域森林公园进行体验，每名被试只体验一种森林环境。夏、秋两季采用被试内设计，每名被试对两种森林环境都进行体验，第一天在城郊开发区域森林公园，第二天在半原始区域森林公园。森林体验前完成简明心境量表（BPOMS）问卷，监测心率10 min；进行30min的静坐实验，监测心率10 min，完成BPOMS问卷，并完成中文版复愈性环境量表。在进行森林体验时同步监测客观物理环境指标，分析不同季节森林体验前后各指标变化。
[结果] 在客观物理环境指标中，半原始区域森林公园在春、夏、秋三季的空气负离子浓度都高于城郊开发区域森林公园；秋季的空气负离子浓度远高于其他两季。在复愈性环境量表评价中，半原始区域森林公园复愈性得分呈现高于城郊开发区域森林公园的趋势，但只在春、夏两季之间差异有统计学意义（春季P＜0.001，夏季P=0.022，秋季P=0.083）。在生理指标中，森林体验后平均心率在三季都显示出降低的趋势，瞬时R-R间期标准差（SD1）、相邻R-R间期之差的均方根值（RMSSD）呈现增高趋势，调节效果在森林类型上存在差异。在心理指标中，森林环境带来总体情绪紊乱值下降，春季城郊开发区域森林公园对总情绪紊乱调节效果呈现优于半原始区域森林公园的趋势（P=0.07）；夏、秋两季半原始区域森林公园对总情绪紊乱调节效果显示出优于城郊开发区域森林公园的趋势（夏季P=0.062，秋季P=0.001）。
[结论] 三种季节下，森林对人体心理指标和生理指标整体上都有改善作用，改善的程度有森林类型和季节差异。半原始区域森林的复愈性效果优于城郊开发区域森林。
Abstract:[Background] It has been proved by many studies that forest environment has good restorative effects. Some researchers have attempted to identify natural factors affecting restorativeness. However, current studies have not focused on the effect of seasonal variation of forest environments on its restorative strength.
[Objective] To evaluate the restorative effect changes of two types of forest environments across different seasons.
[Methods] The experiments were conducted in April (spring), June (summer), and October (autumn) of 2017. Forty subjects were recruited in spring, 18 in summer, and 20 in autumn. In spring, the subjects were randomly assigned to a forest park in suburban area and one in semi-pristine area in Beijing where each subject only experienced one kind of forest environment. In summer and autumn, each subject experienced two kinds of forest environments. They spent the first day in the suburban area forest park, and the second day in the semi-pristine area forest park. First the subjects completed the Brief Profile of Mood States (BPOMS) and had their heart rate been monitored for 10 min before test followed by a 30 min forest experience with sedentary sitting. At the end of each experience, the subjects completed the BPOMS again, and also the Restoration Environment Scale-Chinese version. Objective physical environment indicators were monitored simultaneously during forest experience. The changes of each indicator were analyzed before and after forest experience in selected three seasons.
[Results] In the objective physical environment indicators, the concentrations of anion in selected three seasons in the semi-pristine area forest were higher than the values in the suburban development area forest; the concentration of anion in autumn was much higher than those in the other two seasons. In the assessment of the Restorative Environment Scale, the total scores of restorativeness of the semi-pristine area forest were generally higher than the scores in the suburban development area forest, but significant differences were found only in spring and summer (P< 0.001 in spring,P=0.022 in summer, and P=0.083 in autumn). In terms of physiological indicators, the average heart rate was decreased, while short-term R-R interval standard deviation (SD1) and root mean square of difference of successive intervals (RMSSD) were increased after the designed forest experience sessions in the three seasons, and there was statistical difference between forest types. In terms of psychological indicators, a decrease in the score of total mood disorder was presented after the experience session. In spring, there was a trend that the forest park in suburban development area had a better regulation effect on total mood disorder (P=0.07). In summer and autumn, there was a trend that the semi-pristine area forest park had a better regulation effect on total mood disorder (P=0.062 in summer and P=0.001 in autumn).
[Conclusion] Generally, forest environments can improve the psychological and physiological indicators of human, and the improvement varies with frosts types and seasons. The restorative effects of forests in semi-pristine areas is better than those in suburban development area.
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图 2
心率变异性指标在三个季节两种森林环境中变化值的比较
HRV变化值为森林体验的后测数据减去前测数据。平均心率的单位为次·min−1，SDNN、SD1、SD2、RMSSD单位为ms。#：0.05＜P＜0.1；*：P<0.05；**：P<0.01。奥森代表城郊开发区域森林，松山代表半原始区域森林。 Figure 2.
Comparison of changes in HRV indicators between two forests in three seasons
The change of HRV was the post-test value of selected HRV indicators minus the pre-test value. The average heart rate was measured in beats·min−1, and SDNN, SD1, SD2, and RMSSD in ms. #: 0.05<P<0.1; *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01. Aosen stands for suburban development area forest, and Songshan stands for semi-pristine area forest. ![]()
图 3
春（A）、夏（B）、秋季（C）两种森林环境中BPOMS的得分
#：0.05＜P＜0.1；*：P<0.05；**：P<0.01。奥森代表城郊开发区域森林，松山代表半原始区域森林。T：紧张；A：生气；F：疲劳；V：活力；C+D：困惑和抑郁；TMD：总情绪紊乱。 Figure 3.
The scores of BPOMS in two forests in spring (A), summer (B), and autumn (C)
#: 0.05<P<0.1; *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01. Aosen stands for suburban development area forest, and Songshan stands for semi-pristine area forest. T: Tension; A: Angry; F: Fatigue; V: Vitality; C+D: Confusion and depression; TMD: Total mood disorder. 表 1
两种森林环境三个季节的客观物理环境指标均数
Table 1
Objective physical environment indicators between two forests in three seasons
季节
Season环境类型(Environment type) 温度/℃
Temperature/℃湿度/%
Humidity/%风速/(m·s−1)
Wind speed/(m·s−1)人体舒适度指数
Comfort index of human body噪声/dB
Noise/dB空气负离子/m−3
Air anion/m−3春季(Spring) 奥森(Aosen) 19.85 20.65 0.20 62.25 50.65 365.00 松山(Songshan) 19.31 11.55 0.34 60.60 42.65 459.00 夏季(Summer)
奥森(Aosen) 22.75 77.10 0.16 69.80 63.05 1804.50 松山(Songshan) 23.35 61.55 0.33 68.15 45.95 5275.00 秋季(Autumn) 奥森(Aosen) 17.85 71.85 0.28 61.55 48.55 3145.00 松山(Songshan) 8.70 80.60 0.19 47.50 40.33 27430.50 [注] 奥森代表城郊开发区域森林，松山代表半原始区域森林。[Note] Aosen stands for suburban development area forest, Songshan stands for semi-pristine area forest. 
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表 2
两种森林环境三个季节的环境复愈性得分（
$\bar{x}\pm s $ ）
Table 2
Environmental restoration assessment score between two forests in three seasons (
$\bar{x}\pm s $ )
季节(Season) 森林类型(Forest type) n 远离(Distance) 吸引和兼容(Attraction and compatibility) 丰富(Richness) 总分(Total) P 春季(Spring) 奥森(Aosen) 20 24.10±6.31 56.55±11.67 14.10±4.08 94.75±15.63 <0.001 松山(Songshan) 20 28.20±4.78 68.50±13.33 22.60±4.64 119.30±16.65 夏季(Summer) 奥森(Aosen) 18 27.50±4.15 59.78±10.29 27.17±3.93 114.44±13.55 0.022 松山(Songshan) 18 29.56±4.40 67.28±9.54 27.94±4.50 124.78±13.70 秋季(Autumn) 奥森(Aosen) 20 25.50±2.76 60.60±14.64 25.20±5.43 111.30±19.75 0.083 松山(Songshan) 20 26.95±4.98 66.10±10.86 26.95±5.59 120.00±17.63 [注] 环境复愈性的总分为丰富、吸引和兼容、远离3个维度的总和。奥森代表城郊开发区域森林，松山代表半原始区域森林。[Note] The total score of restorative environments was the sum of richness, attraction and compatibility, and distance. Aosen stands for suburban development area forest, Songshan stands for semi-pristine area forest.
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