电焊作业环境中职业危害因素检测与防护
Occupational Hazards and Protection in Electronic Welding Environment
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摘要:
目的 检测电焊作业环境主要职业病危害因素,提出切实可行的防护对策。 方法 2011 年抽取不同焊接行业16 家(次)企业,对焊接作业环境进行职业病危害因素检测。 结果 手工电焊作业环境中,噪声平均值85.6 dB(A),点超标率71.4%;锰及其化合物平均值0.13 mg/m3,点超标率40.0%;电焊烟尘平均值3.18 mg/m3,点超标率20.0%。气体保护焊环境中,锰及其化合物平均值0.03 mg/m3,点超标率60.0%;噪声平均值84.5 dB(A),点超标率45.5%;电焊烟尘平均值2.28 mg/m3,点超标率30.0%。一氧化氮、二氧化氮、臭氧、一氧化碳、紫外线等职业病危害因素在手工电焊和气体保护焊环境中均有检出,但均未超标。气体保护焊和手工电焊作业环境中,超细粒子浓度与焊接点距离、焊工工作时间和风速有关。 结论 企业除加强全面通风和局部通风外,采取有效的个体防护措施十分重要。对超细粒子的防护主要是佩戴安装有超细过滤棉的口罩。 Abstract:Objective To detect main occupational hazards in electronic welding environment and propose feasible preventive measures. Methods Sixteen welding workshops were selected in 2011 for occupational hazards detection. Results In the manual welding environment, the mean noise level was 85.6 dB(A) and the noise levels in 5 monitoring sites (5/7, 71.4%) were higher than the national occupational hazards limits (NOHL); of manganese and its chemical compounds, the mean concentration was 0.13 mg/m3 and the results in 2 monitoring sites (2/5, 40.0%) exceeded the NOHL; the mean content of electronic welding smoke was 3.18 mg/m3 and 1 monitoring site (1/5, 20.0%) was unqualified. In the gas shielded arc welding environment, the average level of manganese and its chemical compounds was 0.03 mg/m3 and the levels in 6 monitoring sites (6/10, 60.0%) exceeded the NOHL; other results included noise intensity with a mean value of 84.5 dB(A) and 5 unqualified sites (5/11, 45.5%); electronic welding smoke with a mean value of 2.28 mg/m3 and 3 unqualified sites (3/10, 30.0%). The other occupational hazards including nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, carbon monoxide, and ultraviolet ray were also detected and within the NOHLs. The concentrations of ultrafine particles were associated with the distance from welding operation spot, working hours, and wind speed. Conclusion It is an effective measure to wear appropriate personal protective equipment in addition to general ventilation and local ventilation at the welding spots to reduce occupational hazards. Masks with ultrafiltration material are critical to protect workers from ultrafine particles.
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