2011—2012年福州市工业企业有机溶剂使用情况及预防措施
Organic Solvents Use and Prevention Measures in Industrial Enterprises of Fuzhou, 2011-2012
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摘要:
目的 了解福州市工业企业有机溶剂使用情况, 为有效开展有机溶剂职业病危害防治工作提供科学依据。 方法 2011 年4 月-2012 年4 月, 使用自制的企业职业卫生调查表, 对福州市46 家工业企业使用有机溶剂的情况和控制措施实施情况进行问卷调查, 并对作业场所空气中有机溶剂浓度进行检测分析。 结果 被检测分析的13 种有机溶剂中, 浓度高于国家职业接触限值8 h 时间加权平均浓度的有:甲苯、二甲苯、丙酮、乙酸丁酯、丁酮、乙酸乙酯和溶剂汽油;有机溶剂使用行业超标情况涉及家具、工艺品、印刷与涂料、制鞋、汽车和电子企业;有机溶剂接触岗位超标的为喷漆/调漆、印刷、配料分装、清洗和刷胶/刷处理剂5 类。大型企业职业病危害预防措施较完善, 中小企业预防措施较薄弱, 常见问题为通风排毒设施不全、个人防护用品发放不足、工作场所布局不合理和不重视作业工人职业健康检查。 结论 福州市使用有机溶剂的企业行业分布广, 涉及岗位多, 有机溶剂使用种类多;应加强对重点行业(如家具企业等)、重点接触岗位(如喷漆/调漆等)有机溶剂危害的预防, 并加强中小企业通风排毒、工艺改革等职业病危害预防措施建设。 Abstract:Objective To analyze the present situation and occupational hazards of organic solvents use in industrial enterprises of Fuzhou for effective prevention and control of organic solvent related occupational diseases. Methods In period of April 2011 to April 2012 a survey of organic solvent hazards and control measures in workplaces was conducted in 46 industrial enterprises by a self-administrated questionnaire and air samples of selected workplaces were analyzed according to national health standards. Results Thirteen types of organic solvents were identified in studied workplaces. The organic solvents that exceeded 8-hour time weighted average (8 h-TWA) were toluene, xylene, acetone, butyl acetate, methyl ethyl ketone, ethyl acetate, and solvent gasoline. Violations of organic solvent TWAs were found in the enterprises of furniture manufacturing, handicraft, printing and coating, shoes making, automobiles, and electronic products; as well as in the positions that involved spraying and print mixing, printing, subpackaging, washing, and mucus brushing. The occupational health and safety management system was relatively sound in the large-scale enterprises, but weak in the small and medium-sized ones. The common issues of control were poor ventilation, insufficient personal protection equipments, inappropriate layout of workplaces, and ignoring occupational health surveillance. Conclusion Various organic solvents are widely used in enterprises of Fuzhou. It is necessary to strengthen the control and prevention of occupational hazards in key enterprises and workplaces. Especially in small and medium-sized enterprises, ventilation and technological support should be taken into account.
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