武汉市4家大型机械制造企业职业病危害分析
Analysis on the Occupational Hazards in Four Machinery Plants, Wuhan
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摘要:
目的 分析武汉市机械制造企业存在的职业病危害因素, 为改善作业环境、预防与控制职业病以及制定相关政策提供科学依据。 方法 选择 4家异地新建的大型机械制造企业为对象, 按国家职业卫生规范与标准, 调查分析存在的职业病危害因素状况和防控措施实施情况, 并对其职业病危害因素控制效果进行现场检测。 结果 噪声检测点超标率为 35.2%,超标点分布广,接触机会多,超标率居前 3位的工序为打磨(59.3%)、抛丸(55.6%)和冲压(52%)。生产性粉尘主要分布在焊接工作场所, 其中砂轮磨尘超标率为 13.0%, 电焊烟尘超标率为 11.9%, 电焊烟尘的超标程度较大,其时间加权平均浓度(TWA)超标倍数最大达 6倍。化学毒物共测 5种,有 3种超标,主要分布在喷涂和焊接工作场所,其中苯测点超标率为 44.4%, 甲苯为 12.7%, 锰为 11.5%, 锰超标程度较大, 其 TWA超标倍数最大达 16倍。 结论 武汉市 4家大型机械制造业超标严重的主要职业病危害因素是噪声、苯系物和粉尘, 仍需采取有效的防护措施, 保护劳动者的健康。 Abstract:Objective To analyze the occupational hazards in the machinery plant in Wuhan, and to provide basis for environmental improvement, occupational disease prevention and control, and relevant policy-makings. Methods Investigation was carried out on the occupational hazards and their prevention and control countermeasures in 4 machinery plants in Wuhan in accordance with national occupational hygienic standards and relevant criteria. Results Noise was widespread, the overall exceeding rate was 35.2%, and the top 3 job-titles were grinding (59.3%), shot blast (55.6%) and stamping (52%). Industrial dust were found mainly in welding, the exceeding rates of grinding wheel dust and welding fume were 13.0% and 11.9% respectively; and the time weighted average (TWA) of welding fume was 6 times the permissible limits. Five chemical toxicants were monitored, among which benzene, toluene and manganese exceeded the national standard with the exceeding rates of 44.4%, 12.7% and 11.5% respectively, and they were mainly distributed in workplaces of spray painting and welding; the TWA of manganese was 16 times the concentration of permissible limits. Conclusion Noise, benzene analogs and dust are the main occupational hazards in Wuhan machinery plants. It is necessary to take effective measures to protect workers' health.
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