蔡宏铨, 裴赛峰, 张昀, 沈朝烨. 我国城市饮用水中N-亚硝基二甲胺分布水平与健康风险评估[J]. 环境与职业医学, 2021, 38(11): 1231-1236, 1243. DOI: 10.13213/j.cnki.jeom.2021.21145
引用本文: 蔡宏铨, 裴赛峰, 张昀, 沈朝烨. 我国城市饮用水中N-亚硝基二甲胺分布水平与健康风险评估[J]. 环境与职业医学, 2021, 38(11): 1231-1236, 1243. DOI: 10.13213/j.cnki.jeom.2021.21145
CAI Hongquan, PEI Saifeng, ZHANG Yun, SHEN Chaoye. Distribution and health risk assessment of N-nitrosodimethylamine in urban drinking water in China[J]. Journal of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, 2021, 38(11): 1231-1236, 1243. DOI: 10.13213/j.cnki.jeom.2021.21145
Citation: CAI Hongquan, PEI Saifeng, ZHANG Yun, SHEN Chaoye. Distribution and health risk assessment of N-nitrosodimethylamine in urban drinking water in China[J]. Journal of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, 2021, 38(11): 1231-1236, 1243. DOI: 10.13213/j.cnki.jeom.2021.21145

我国城市饮用水中N-亚硝基二甲胺分布水平与健康风险评估

Distribution and health risk assessment of N-nitrosodimethylamine in urban drinking water in China

  • 摘要: 背景

    亚硝胺类化合物,特别是N-亚硝基二甲胺(NDMA),致癌性强,在我国饮用水中检出率高,存在饮水途径摄入的风险。

    目的

    研究我国城市饮用水中NDMA的分布水平和健康风险,为饮水标准研制提供参考。

    方法

    以“亚硝胺”和“饮用水”为关键词检索中国知网,以“N-nitrosodimethylamine”或“nitrosodimethylamine”或“NDMA”、“drinking water”和“China”为关键词检索PubMed数据库,纳入2000年1月1日至2021年3月1日发表的相关文献,提取有效数据,统计我国城市原水和出厂水中NDMA的时空暴露水平,并依据美国环境保护署的致癌物质健康风险模型对出厂水中NDMA经饮水途径对不同地区和不同年龄段人群健康危害进行风险评估。

    结果

    共检索到102篇文献,最终符合纳入条件的有21篇。共提取347个原水和276个出厂水NDMA质量浓度数据,检出率分别为82.4%和67.0%,质量浓度分别为未检出(ND)~141、ND~67.1 ng·L−1,第95百分位数分别为51.4、32.1 ng·L−1。华东和华北地区城市原水中NDMA浓度高于出厂水(P<0.05)。华东地区原水和出厂水中NDMA平均质量浓度最高(分别为21.4、9.0 ng·L−1)。2018—2019年华东地区原水和出厂水中NDMA平均质量浓度(分别为5.9、6.1 ng·L−1)低于2015—2017年(分别为28.7、16.5 ng·L−1)(P<0.05)。作为饮用水源的江河湖塘溪中NDMA平均质量浓度(20.8 ng·L−1)高于地下水和水库水(分别为8.0、6.5 ng·L−1)(P<0.05)。采用预氯化的出厂水中NDMA平均质量浓度(9.4 ng·L−1)高于非预氯化(6.0 ng·L−1)(P<0.05)。我国1岁以上儿童经饮水暴露于NDMA的致癌风险随年龄的增加而减小,其中1~<2岁幼儿的终生致癌风险(2.52×10−4)是成人(1.09×10−5)的23倍。

    结论

    我国城市饮用水中NDMA主要来自原水污染,现有的水厂处理工艺对NDMA有一定去除能力。近两年华东地区出厂水中NDMA水平呈下降趋势。儿童经饮水暴露于NDMA的致癌风险高于成人,亟需加强健康风险管理。建议把35 ng·L−1作为我国NDMA水质安全标准的限值。

     

    Abstract: Background

    Nitrosamines, especially N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), are highly carcinogenic and frequently detected in drinking water systems in China, indicating potential human health risk through drinking water.

    Objective

    This study aims to analyze the distribution of NDMA in urban drinking water around China and to evaluate relevant human health risk, thus providing recommendations for drinking water safety standards.

    Methods

    The database of China National Knowledge Infrastructure was searched using nitrosamines and drinking water as key words in Chinese, and PubMed was searched usingN-nitrosodimethylamine or nitrosodimethylamine or NDMA, drinking water, and China as key words in English for relevant literature published from January 1, 2000 to March 1, 2021. Eligible data were extracted to statistically analyze the spatiotemporal exposure levels of NDMA in raw and finished water serving Chinese cities. According to the health risk assessment model for carcinogens recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), the cancer risk via drinking water of NDMA in finished water was evaluated for different age groups and different regions.

    Results

    A total of 102 studies were retrieved, 21 of which met the inclusion criteria and were finally included. The NDMA concentrations in 347 raw water samples and 276 finished water samples were extracted and studied, with positive rates of 82.4% and 67.0%, levels of not detected (ND)-141 and ND-67.1 ng·L−1, and the 95th quantiles of 51.4 and 32.1 ng·L−1, respectively. The level of NDMA in raw water was higher than that in finished water in cities of East and North China (P<0.05). East China had the highest average concentrations of NDMA in raw and finished water (21.4 and 9.0 ng·L−1 respectively). In East China, the average concentrations of NDMA in raw and finished water from 2018 to 2019 (5.9 and 6.1 ng·L−1 respectively) were significantly lower than those from 2015 to 2017 (28.7 and 16.5 ng·L−1 respectively) (P<0.05). The average concentration of NDMA in rivers, lakes, ponds, and streams as drinking water sources (20.8 ng·L−1) was significantly higher than that in groundwater sources (8.0 ng·L−1) and in reservoir sources (6.5 ng·L−1) (P<0.05). The average concentration of NDMA in finished water with pre-chlorination (9.4 ng·L−1) was higher than that without (6.0 ng·L−1) (P<0.05). The cancer risk of NDMA through drinking water for children over 1 year old in China decreased with older age, and the risk of infants aged 1~<2 years (2.52×10−4) was 23 times higher than that of adults (1.09×10−5) (P<0.05).

    Conclusion

    Raw water pollution is the main source of NDMA in urban drinking water in China, and current water treatment technology can partially remove NDMA. The NDMA level in finished water of East China shows a downward trend in recent two years. The carcinogenic risk of NDMA via drinking water for children is higher than that for adults, and their health risk management needs to be strengthened. The study findings recommend 35 ng·L−1 as the limit of NDMA water quality safety standard in China.

     

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