2014-2015年全国有限空间作业中毒与窒息事故分析及预防建议
Analysis and preventive recommendation of national confined space accidents due to asphyxiation and poisoning from 2014 to 2015
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摘要:
目的 分析2014—2015年全国有限空间作业中毒与窒息事故发生原因，提出预防同类事故发生的建议。
方法 从国家安全生产监督管理局事故案例库收集2014—2015年有限空间作业较大以上中毒与窒息事故案例47起（含较大事故、重大事故和特别重大事故），查阅事故案例报告，同时通过文献及新闻检索完成对案例的补充。完成典型事故的企业调查，分析事故发生的行业、作业地点及岗位，事故类型及安全管理落实情况，从作业管理流程、危害辨识、危害控制、事故应急救援等方面深入剖析事故发生的直接原因及所存在的问题。
结果 55.3%的事故发生在市政设施管理、化工制造、建筑和电热力供应行业。污水井（污水处理站）、反应池（罐）、基坑和涵洞等工作地点的清理清淤和检查维修等作业过程容易发生事故。事故主要源于硫化氢（53.2%）和一氧化碳（21.3%）等气体中毒，以及甲烷（8.5%）和氮气（6.4%）等富集导致的缺氧窒息。事故单位的有限空间作业管理要求落实情况极差，安全培训、通风换气、气体检测和个体防护用品佩戴率分别为12.8%、8.5%、6.4%和6.4%，作业审批制度执行率为零。其中83.0%事故（39起）存在盲目施救情况，导致事故伤亡人数从初始49人，最后增加到188人，危害扩大3.8倍。
结论 2014—2015年全国有限空间作业较大以上中毒与窒息事故主要源于硫化氢和一氧化碳等气体中毒，盲目施救会导致伤亡扩大。为预防同类事故的发生，企业应严格落实有限空间作业安全管理要求，针对重点行业和重点人群开展教育培训以及应急救援培训，杜绝盲目施救。同时，政府部门应加强监督执法与科普宣传。
Abstract:Objective To analyze the causes of national asphyxiation and poisoning accidents in the confined space accident category from 2014 to 2015, and provide suitable suggestions to prevent similar accidents.
Methods Forty-seven accident reports (including large accidents, serious accidents, and especially serious accidents) were retrieved from the database of the State Administration of Work Safety. Supplemental information was collected through reviewing literature and media reports. Typical enterprises involved in the reported accidents were identified to conduct field survey, collect information on industry, workplace, job position, type of accident, and implementation of safety management, and analyze the direct causes and problems of the accidents from the perspectives of operation management process, hazard identification, hazard control, and accident emergency rescue.
Results By industry, 55.3% accidents occurred in municipal facility management, chemical manufacturing, construction, and power and heat supply industries. By workplace and job position, most accidents occurred during cleaning up, desilting, and equipment overhaul in sewage wells (stations), reaction tanks, foundation pits, and culverts. By causes, the accidents were mainly caused by gas poisoning of hydrogen sulfide (53.2%) and carbon monoxide (21.3%), followed by asphyxiation due to the enrichment of methane (8.5%) and nitrogen (6.4%). The enterprises involved in the reported confined space accidents showed insufficient implementation of safety requirements or regulations; specifically, the rates of safety training, ventilation, gas detection, and wearing individual protective equipment were 12.8%, 8.5%, 6.4%, and 6.4%, respectively, and the rate of work approval system enforcement was zero. A large number of accidents (83.0%) were rescued blindly, which resulted in the casualties increased 3.8 times from 49 to 188.
Conclusion The national confined space accidents due to asphyxiation and poisoning from 2014 to 2015 are mainly caused by hydrogen sulfide and carbon monoxide, and blind rescue would enlarge casualties. In order to prevent the occurrence of similar accidents, enterprises should strictly implement the safety management requirements of limited space operations, carry out education training and emergency rescue training for key industries and key groups, and eliminate blind rescue. At the same time, relevant government departments should strengthen supervision on the enterprises and popularize scientific knowledge on the confined spaces activities.
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