郝莉鹏, 孙乔, 刘晓琳, 陆娟, 詹铭, 于娟, 黄云彪. 上海市浦东新区饮用水三卤甲烷和卤乙酸含量及其健康风险评价[J]. 环境与职业医学, 2014, 31(6): 442-447. DOI: 10.13213/j.cnki.jeom.2014.0102
引用本文: 郝莉鹏, 孙乔, 刘晓琳, 陆娟, 詹铭, 于娟, 黄云彪. 上海市浦东新区饮用水三卤甲烷和卤乙酸含量及其健康风险评价[J]. 环境与职业医学, 2014, 31(6): 442-447. DOI: 10.13213/j.cnki.jeom.2014.0102
HAO Li-peng , SUN Qiao , LIU Xiao-lin , LU Juan , ZHAN Ming , YU Juan , HUANG Yun-biao . Levels and Health Risk Assessment of Trihalomethanes and Haloacetic Acids in Drinking Water in Pudong New Area,Shanghai[J]. Journal of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, 2014, 31(6): 442-447. DOI: 10.13213/j.cnki.jeom.2014.0102
Citation: HAO Li-peng , SUN Qiao , LIU Xiao-lin , LU Juan , ZHAN Ming , YU Juan , HUANG Yun-biao . Levels and Health Risk Assessment of Trihalomethanes and Haloacetic Acids in Drinking Water in Pudong New Area,Shanghai[J]. Journal of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, 2014, 31(6): 442-447. DOI: 10.13213/j.cnki.jeom.2014.0102

上海市浦东新区饮用水三卤甲烷和卤乙酸含量及其健康风险评价

Levels and Health Risk Assessment of Trihalomethanes and Haloacetic Acids in Drinking Water in Pudong New Area,Shanghai

  • 摘要: 目的 通过对水厂三卤甲烷和卤乙酸的检测及其健康风险评价,了解浦东新区出厂水消毒副产物含量分布及其对人群潜在的健康风险。

    方法 选取浦东新区5家水厂出厂水,于2012年的3、5和6月份, 2013年的3、5和8月份以及2014年的2月份采集水样共28份,分别检测三卤甲烷和卤乙酸浓度,结合风险评价模型对人群通过饮水途径暴露于三卤甲烷和卤乙酸进行健康风险评价。

    结果 出厂水消毒副产物检出浓度最高者为D水厂丰水期的氯仿(15.0 μg/L);最低者为B水厂枯水期的二氯乙酸(未检出); 5家水厂中氯仿浓度丰水期>枯水期,二溴一氯甲烷和溴仿浓度丰水期<枯水期; 5家水厂二氯乙酸和三氯乙酸浓度范围分别为未检出~3.33 μg/L和0.55~8.25 μg/L,其中三氯乙酸浓度在丰水期略高于枯水期,而二氯乙酸含量变化不大。经口致癌风险中二溴一氯甲烷居首位(最高为2.90& #215;10-5),最低为氯仿(5.30& #215;10-7)。除丰水期溴仿(风险范围5.30& #215;10-7~1.10& #215;10-6)外, 5家水厂丰、枯水两时期的二溴一氯甲烷、一溴二氯甲烷、二氯乙酸和三氯乙酸致癌风险范围在2.00& #215;10-6~3.14& #215;10-5,高于美国环境保护署给出的可接受最低致癌风险(1& #215;10-6)。非致癌风险氯仿最高,其次为枯水期的二氯乙酸。经口致癌和非致癌风险均表现为时期和性别差异:枯水期>丰水期(5家水厂氯仿和B水厂二氯乙酸和三氯乙酸的非致癌风险表现丰水期>枯水期),女性>男性。

    结论 5个水厂饮用水中二溴一氯甲烷和一溴二氯甲烷的致癌风险最高,氯仿和二氯乙酸非致癌风险最高,且枯水期大于丰水期,在改善饮用水加工工艺时应重视长期暴露于饮用水中消毒副产物引起的潜在健康风险,并针对枯水期和丰水期的差异进行工艺调整,降低水中消毒副产物对人群的健康危害。

     

    Abstract: Objective To understand the disinfection byproducts distribution and their potential health risks by estimating the levels of trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) in the finished water of the water treatment plants located in Pudong New Area, Shanghai.

    Methods A total of 28 water samples were collected in March, May, and June 2012, March, May, and August 2013, and February 2014 from five water treatment plants in Pudong New Area. Concentrations of THMs and HAAs in the water samples were detected and assessed for their oral cancer and non-cancer risks using health risk assessment models.

    Results The highest concentration of disinfection byproducts was chloroform (CF) (15.0 μg/L) in plant D during the wet seasons, while the lowest one was dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) (not detected, ND) in plant B during the dry seasons. For the five water treatment plants, the CF concentrations during the wet seasons were higher than those in the dry seasons, while the patterns of dibromochloromethane (DBCM) and bromoform (BF) were reversed. The ranges of DCAA and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) concentrations was ND-3.33μg/L and 0.55-8.25μg/L, respectively. The TCAA concentrations in the wet seasons were slightly higher than those in the dry seasons, while DCAA showed little fluctuation. For oral cancer risk, DBCM ranked the first (2.90& #215;10-5) and BF the last (5.30& #215;10-7). Except for BF in the wet seasons with cancer risk levels between 5.30& #215;10-7 and 1.10& #215;10-6, the cancer risks of DBCM, BDCM, DCAA, and TCAA from five plants ranged from 2.00& #215;10-6 to 3.14& #215;10-5 and exceeded the acceptable cancer risk level of 1& #215;10-6 recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. CF presented the highest non-cancer risk, followed by DCAA in the dry seasons. The oral cancer and non-cancer risks for the detected disinfection byproducts showed variations by time and gender:dry seasons showed higher risks than wet seasons (expect that CF in five water treatment plants and DCAA and TCAA in plant B during the wet seasons showed higher non-cancer risks than those in the dry seasons) and the risks in female were higher than those in male.

    Conclusion DBCM and BDCM show the highest cancer risks, and CF and DCAA show the highest noncancer risk. The risk levels in dry seasons are higher than those in wet seasons. These findings indicate that more attention should be paid to the reduction of potential cancer and non-cancer risks of long-term exposure to disinfection byproducts and the treatment process adjustment according to seasonal variations.

     

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