Effects of maternal exposure to di(2-ethyl-hexyl) phthalate on offspring reproductive development
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Abstract
Di(2-ethyl-hexyl) phthalate is a widely used plasticizer easily absorbed by human body. DEHP exposure not only has toxic effects on parents, but also generates reproductive and developmental toxicity to the next or even more generations through parental exposure. From the perspectives of human population, mammals, and non-mammals, this paper expounded the universality of the effects of DEHP maternal exposure on the reproductive development of offspring. Population-based studies have found that maternal exposure to DEHP affects the neurodevelopment of offspring and is associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children. Mammalian studies have found that maternal exposure to DEHP results in growth retardation and increased susceptibility to disease in the F1 generation, behavioral changes in F1-F3 generations, and reproductive and developmental toxicity to multiple generations through female and male offspring. Non-mammalian studies have found that DEHP embryo exposure changes the growth of fish, and DEHP maternal exposure leads to nerve damage and behavioral disorders of nematodes, as well as causes reproductive dysfunction of offspring or even multiple generations. In this review, the effects of maternal exposure to DEHP on the reproductive development of offspring were clarified by summarizing the transgenerational effects on offspring growth retardation, functional deficiencies (including disease susceptibility and behavioral changes), and reproductive toxicity to females and males. Future research directions and hotspots in the field were prospected as well.
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