宁波市非新装修住宅中甲醛的分布和健康风险评估
Distribution and health risk assessment of formaldehyde in non-newly decorated houses in Ningbo, China
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摘要:
背景 甲醛是住宅内常见空气污染物，住宅内甲醛引起的健康风险不容忽视。
目的 评估宁波市非新装修住宅中的甲醛浓度及对人体可能造成的健康风险。
方法 采用多阶段随机抽样方法抽取宁波市72户装修满1年及以上的住宅作为研究对象，采集客厅和卧室的空气并测定温度和湿度，采样时间为2018年7月—2019年1月，参照GB/T 16129—1995《居住区大气中甲醛卫生检验标准方法 分光光度法》（AHMT法）的规定检测甲醛质量浓度（后简称：浓度），运用美国环境保护署的健康风险评估模型对甲醛的非致癌风险和致癌风险进行评价，并使用蒙特卡洛模拟进行敏感性分析。
结果 72户住宅甲醛浓度的中位数（
M ）和第25、75百分位数（P 25，P 75）为0.019（0.012，0.026）mg·m−3，仅1户住宅客厅的甲醛浓度超标，总合格率为98.61%。卧室甲醛浓度的M （P 25，P 75）为0.019（0.011，0.031）mg·m−3，较客厅浓度0.015（0.010，0.024）mg·m−3高，差异有统计学意义（t =−2.564，P =0.012）。72户住宅的非致癌风险（HQ）的M 和第90百分位数（P 90）为1.35（2.80），有62.50%的住宅HQ>1；72户住宅的致癌风险（CR）的M （P 90）为1.12×10−4（2.32×10−4），CR>1×10−6和CR>1×10−5的比例均为100.00%，CR>1×10−4的比例为54.20%。蒙特卡洛模拟发现，HQ的M （P 90）降至0.91（1.94），M 值小于限值，HQ>1的比例为44.73%；CR的M （P 90）降至7.52×10−5（1.79×10−4），CR>1×10−6的比例为100.00%，CR>1×10−5的比例为98.96%，CR>1×10−4的比例为34.37%。结论 宁波市非新装修住宅的甲醛浓度基本符合国标要求，但甲醛引起的非致癌风险和致癌风险仍需关注，特别是甲醛引起的致癌风险应引起特别重视，居民应主要通过使用清洁的装修材料和环保家具从源头上预防甲醛的危害。
Abstract:Background Formaldehyde is a common air pollutant in residential buildings, and the health risks caused by formaldehyde in residential buildings can not be ignored.
Objective This study aims to evaluate the air concentration of formaldehyde in non-newly decorated houses in Ningbo and its possible health risks.
Methods A total of 72 houses without any decoration in the past one year in Ningbo were selected by multi-stage random sampling method. From July 2018 to January 2019, the air samples of living rooms and bedrooms were collected and their temperature and humidity were also measured. The concentrations of formaldehyde were detected by AHMT method according to
Standred method for hygienic examination of formaldehyde in air of residential areas — Spectrophotometric method (GB/T 16129—1995) , the health risk assessment model of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency was used to evaluate the non-carcinogenic risk and carcinogenic risk of formaldehyde, and Monte Carlo simulation was used for sensitivity analysis.Results The median (
P 25,P 75) of formaldehyde concentration in the 72 houses was 0.019 (0.012,0.026) mg·m−3. Only one house showed a formaldehyde concentration that exceeded the national standard in the living room, and the total qualified rate of formaldehyde concentration was 98.61%. The median (P 25,P 75) of formaldehyde concentration in the bedroom was 0.019 (0.011, 0.031) mg·m−3, which was higher than that in the living room, 0.015 (0.010, 0.024) mg·m−3, and the difference was statistically significant. The median and 90th percentile of non-cancer risk (hazard quotient, HQ) of the 72 houses were 1.35 and 2.80, respectively, and the proportion of the houses with HQ>1 was 62.50%. The median and 90th percentile of cancer risk (CR) of the 72 houses were 1.12×10−4 and 2.32×10−4, respectively, and the proportions of the houses with CR>1×10−6, CR>1×10−5, and CR>1×10−4 were 100.00%, 100.00%, and 54.20%, respectively. After using Monte Carlo simulation, the median (90th percentile) of non-carcinogenic risk was reduced to 0.91 (1.94), where the median was lower than the national limit, and the proportion of samples with HQ>1 was 44.73%; the carcinogenic risk was reduced to 7.52×10−5 (1.79×10−4), and the proportions of samples with CR>1×10−6, CR>1×10−5, and CR>1×10−4 were 100.00%, 98.96%, and 34.37%, respectively.Conclusion The concentration of formaldehyde in non-newly decorated houses in Ningbo basically meets the national requirements, but it is still necessary to pay attention to the non-carcinogenic risk and carcinogenic risk caused by indoor formaldehyde, among which the carcinogenic risk is more important. Residents should prevent the harm of formaldehyde from its source by considering clean decoration materials and environmentally friendly furniture.
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