纳米氧化铝对斑马鱼学习记忆水平的影响:粒径与铝离子的作用
Effects of nano-alumina on learning and memory levels in zebrafish: Roles of particle size and aluminum ion
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摘要:
背景 纳米氧化铝作为一种新兴的纳米材料，由于其特殊的理化性质，被广泛应用于化工、生物、电子和复合材料等方面，其潜在健康危害已引发关注。
目的 本研究旨在探究纳米氧化铝颗粒对成年斑马鱼学习记忆水平的损伤程度，分析其中粒径与溶出铝离子的作用。
方法 将3月龄斑马鱼分为3组，分别为对照组，13、50 nm的纳米氧化铝组，以研究纳米氧化铝的粒径效应；另将3月龄斑马鱼分为4组，分别为对照组、50 nm的纳米氧化铝组、50nm的纳米碳组、AlCl3组，以研究铝的粒径和离子的分别效应。设定13、50nm的纳米氧化铝和50 nm的纳米碳组的染毒浓度为100 mg/L，AlCl3组为100 μg/L。染毒时间为30 d，染毒结束后进行T迷宫实验，用动物运动轨迹跟踪仪器记录斑马鱼的运动轨迹，分析各组斑马鱼行为学指标，包括第一次潜伏期从实验开始到第一次进入营养富集区（EC区）所花费的时间和累计停留时间（在EC区停留的总时间）。
结果 各染毒组与对照组相比运动轨迹都出现不同程度的杂乱，在EC区停留的时间均有不同程度的减少。在粒径效应研究中得出，第一次潜伏期比较，纳米氧化铝13 nm组与50 nm组相比差异无统计学意义；在EC区的累计停留时间比较，纳米氧化铝13 nm组与50 nm组相比第1天和第2天在EC区的累计停留时间均明显减少，差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。在对50 nm纳米氧化铝的粒径和离子的分别效应研究中得出，与50 nm的纳米碳组相比，50 nm的纳米氧化铝组在实验的第3天、第4天的第一次潜伏期延长（P < 0.05）。但是，50 nm纳米氧化铝组与AlCl3组间没有发现差异（P > 0.05）。在EC区的累计停留时间比较，50 nm纳米氧化铝组与50 nm纳米碳组相比第1天在EC区的累计停留时间减少（P < 0.05）。但是，50 nm纳米氧化铝组与AlCl3组间没有发现差异（P > 0.05）。从斑马鱼运动轨迹图中可以看出对照组运动轨迹更加简洁，在EC区停留的时间较多，在错误端探索的时间较少，表明学习记忆水平良好。
结论 纳米氧化铝可以造成成年斑马鱼的学习记忆障碍，纳米氧化铝对斑马鱼的学习记忆的影响呈粒径越小，毒性越大的趋势；在50 nm纳米氧化铝对斑马鱼学习记忆水平的影响中铝离子发挥着重要的作用。
Abstract:Background As an emerging nanomaterial, nano-alumina is widely used in chemical, biological, and electronic industries and composite materials due to its special physical and chemical properties, attracting increasing attention to its potential health hazards.
Objective The purpose of this study is to investigate the damage to the learning and memory levels of adult zebrafish by nano-alumina particles, and the roles of particle size and dissolved aluminum ions.
Methods To evaluate the effects of particle size, zebrafishes at 3 months old were divided into three groups:control group, 13 nm nano-alumina group, and 50 nm nano-alumina group. To investigate the individual role of particle size or dissolved aluminum ion of nano-alumina, zebrafishes at 3 months old were divided into four groups:control group, 50 nm nano-alumina group, 50 nm nano-carbon group, and AlCl3 group. The concentrations of nano-alumina and nano-carbon group were both set at 100mg/L, and the concentration of AlCl3 was 100μg/L. After 30 days of exposure, T-maze test was performed and a video tracking system were used to record the trajectory and analyze the behavioral indicators of zebrafish, including the first latencythe time from the start of the experiment to the first entry into the enriched chamber (EC) and cumulative duration (total time spent in the EC).
Results Compared with the control group, the exposure groups showed different degrees of chaotic trajectories and reduced duration in the EC. In the study of particle size, the first latency was not different between the 13 nm nano-alumina group and the 50 nm nanoalumina group; the cumulative duration in the 13 nm nano-alumina group was significantly lower than that in the 50 nm nano-alumina group on the first and second days of the experiment (P < 0.05). In the study of particle size and ion, the first latency in the 50 nm nanoalumina group was prolonged compared with the 50 nm nano-carbon group on the third and fourth days of the experiment (P < 0.05), but no statistical difference was found between the 50 nm nano-alumina group and the AlCl3 group (P > 0.05); the cumulative duration in the 50 nm nano-alumina group in the EC on the first day was reduced compared with the 50 nm nano-carbon group (P < 0.05), but no statistical difference was found between the 50 nm nano-alumina group and the AlCl3 group (P > 0.05). According to the zebrafish trajectory map, the control group showed a more orderly trajectory, longer cumulative duration in the EC, and less duration in the opposite area than the other groups, indicating a good learning and memory level.
Conclusion Nano-alumina can cause learning and memory disorders in adult zebrafish. A smaller particle size of nano-alumina is linked to a greater toxicity to learning and memory of zebrafish. Aluminum ions play an important role in the effect of 50 nm nano-alumina on the learning and memory levels of zebrafish.
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