矿山救护队员夏季工作日膳食营养状况调查
Investigation on dietary nutrition status of mine rescuers in summer working days
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摘要:
背景 矿山救护队员由于其工作性质的特殊性，在炎热的夏季，需进行长时间的户外训练。为保证训练质量和身体健康，夏季户外训练期间矿山救护队员的膳食营养状况尤为重要。
目的 调查和分析矿山救护队员夏季工作日膳食营养情况。
方法 采用整群随机抽样方法，从唐山某矿业集团公司矿山救护大队所有8个矿山救护中队中，随机抽取3个矿山救护中队，实际调查其中参加夏季户外训练的矿山救护队员共144名。测量矿山救护队训练场地湿球黑球温度（WBGT），采用问卷调查的方式调查矿山救护队员一般情况，测量其身高、体重，并用体重指数进行评价。采用"称重法"和"24小时膳食回顾法"相结合对饮食状况进行调查，利用高温作业人员各类食物的推荐摄入量和营养素推荐摄入量进行评价。采用生化检测的方式对矿山救护队员体内营养素水平进行调查，并利用人体营养状况的生化检测常用指标进行评价。
结果 经测定训练场地WBGT>25℃。消瘦、体重正常、超重、肥胖的矿山救护队员分别占调查总数的3.5%、66.0%、28.5%和2.0%。矿山救护队员禽畜肉、蛋、谷、蔬菜、水产、水果、油脂、盐、大豆及坚果、奶类的摄入量分别占推荐摄入量的196.7%、193.4%、99.1%、91.4%、85.3%、76.5%、76.3%、52.0%、40.0%和32.4%。水和能量的实际摄入量分别占高温作业推荐摄入量的47.8%~69.9%和74.7%~92.0%。矿山救护队员蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物供能比达标比例分别为8.3%、67.4%和47.9%。早餐、午餐和晚餐的供能比分别为23.7%、39.9%和36.4%，早餐、午餐和晚餐的供能比达标比例分别为3.5%、52.1%和66.0%。矿山救护队员维生素C、钠、镁的摄入量达到了高温作业推荐摄入量，维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素A、钾、锌、铜的摄入量低于高温作业推荐摄入量（均P < 0.05），实际摄入量达标比例分别为：镁（91.7%）、钾（81.3%）、铜（77.8%）、钠（69.4%）、维生素C（54.2%）、锌（36.8.%）、维生素B2（20.8%）、维生素B2（18.7%）、钙（13.2%）、硒（11.8%）、维生素A（6.3%）。矿山救护队员维生素C、锌的体内水平缺乏率高达67.4%和50.0%，维生素B1、铁、维生素A、钾、镁、维生素B2、钠的体内缺乏率也均在25.0%或以上。
结论 矿山救护队员夏季户外训练工作日禽畜肉类、蛋类食物摄入超标，大豆坚果类、奶类食物摄入不足，水、能量、维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素A、锌摄入不足。需要对矿山救护队员进行膳食指导和营养教育，改善其膳食结构和营养状况。
Abstract:Background Because of the special characteristics of their work, mine rescuers accept long-term outdoor training in hot summer. Therefore, in order to ensure the quality of training and health, the dietary nutrition status of mine rescuers during summer outdoor training is important.
Objective This study aims to investigate and analyze the dietary nutrition status of mine rescuers in summer working days.
Methods A total of 144 mine rescuers who participated in summer outdoor training were randomly selected from three out of eight mining rescue teams of a mining group company's rescue section by cluster random sampling method. Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) of training site was calculated. General information of the recruited mine rescuers was collected by questionnaire survey. Height and weight were measured, and body mass index was calculated. Diet was investigated by weighing method and 24 h diet recall and evaluated by the recommended intakes of foods and nutrients for high-temperature workers. Individual nutrient levels were evaluated by biochemical indices using routine biochemical tests.
Results The WBGT of the training site was >25℃. The mine rescuers with underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obesity accounted for 3.5%, 66.0%, 28.5%, and 2.0% of total subjects, respectively. The intakes of poultry and livestock, eggs, cereals, vegetables, aquatic products, fruits, oils, salt, soybeans and nuts, and milk and dairy products among the mine rescuers were 196.7%, 193.4%, 99.1%, 91.4%, 85.3%, 76.5%, 76.3%, 52.0%, 40.0%, and 32.4% of corresponding recommended intakes, respectively. The intakes of water and energy accounted for 47.8%-69.9% and 74.7%-92.0% of the recommended intakes for high-temperature workers, respectively. The subjects with sufficient energy from protein, fat, and carbohydrate accounted for 8.3%, 67.4%, and 47.9%, respectively. The energy intakes from breakfast, lunch, and dinner were 23.7%, 39.9%, and 36.4% respectively, and the percentages of the mine rescuers with sufficient energy from breakfast, lunch, and dinner were 3.5%, 52.1%, and 66.0%, respectively. The intakes of vitamin C, sodium, and magnesium reached the recommended intakes for high-temperature workers, but the intakes of vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin A, potassium, zinc, and copper were lower (Ps < 0.05). The percentages of selected nutrients meeting requirements in the mine rescuers from high to low were:magnesium (91.7%), potassium (81.3%), copper (77.8%), sodium (69.4%), vitamin C (54.2%), zinc (36.8.%), vitamin B2 (20.8%), vitamin B1 (18.7%), calcium (13.2%), selenium (11.8%), and vitamin A (6.3%), respectively. The body insufficient rates of vitamin C and zinc were as high as 67.4% and 50.0% respectively; the body insufficient rates of vitamin B1, iron, vitamin A, potassium, magnesium, vitamin B2, and sodium were all higher than or equal to 25.0%.
Conclusion The mine rescuers undergoing outdoor training in summer show excessive intakes of poultry and livestock and eggs, insufficient intakes of soybeans and nuts and dairy products, and insufficient intakes of water, energy, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin A, and zinc. It is necessary to provide dietary guidance and nutrition education to the mine rescuers to improve their dietary structure and nutrition status.
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