Research progress on early sensitive indicators of cadmium-induced kidney injury
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Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most common heavy metals, and its pollution is currently a major public health concern. Kidney is the main target organ of chronic cadmium toxicity, and cadmium-induced renal damage is mainly manifested as the reabsorption dysfunction of renal tubules, followed by proteinuria. According to related domestic and foreign studies in recent years, we reviewed early sensitive indicators of kidney injury induced by cadmium from three aspects, including urinary low-molecular-weight proteins, urinary proximal tubule derived enzymes, and renal injury-related gene expressions in blood and tissues, and summarized their advantages and disadvantages, aiming to provide evidence for the selection of indicators for the early diagnosis of cadmium exposure in populations, especially of occupational cadmium exposure. This study showed that each indicator had different diagnostic efficacies for cadmium-induced renal injury in different situations; therefore, combination of multiple indicators is suggested to improve the accuracy of diagnosis.
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