2014—2017年上海浦东新区焊工锰暴露水平及影响因素
Exposure level of manganese and its influencing factors in welders in Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 2014-2017
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摘要:
目的 了解上海市浦东新区焊接作业者锰暴露水平，并调查其影响因素。
方法 2014-2017年，采用三阶段分层抽样方法抽取浦东新区137家企业的215名焊接作业工人（简称"焊工"）为研究对象，进行个体呼吸带采样，采用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定锰暴露水平。采用上海市重点职业病危害因素主动监测调查问卷对现场危害因素暴露情况及影响因素进行调查，分析锰暴露的影响因素。
结果 本研究共获得215份样品，锰质量浓度中位数（M）为0.140 mg/m3，总超标率为15.81%。4年间锰超标率差异有统计学意义（χ2=8.989，P=0.003），2017锰超标率最高（30.43%）（P < 0.05）。大型企业焊工锰超标率（34.09%）和暴露质量浓度中位数（0.075 mg/m3）明显高于中型企业5.26%（χ2=5.820，P=0.016），0.003 mg/m3（H=70.609，P=0.000）和小型企业11.84%（χ2=12.063，P=0.001），0.010 mg/m3（H=38.527，P=0.001）。造船业焊工锰超标率（37.21%）和暴露质量浓度中位数（0.113 mg/m3）最高，通用设备制造业锰超标率（6.33%）和暴露质量浓度中位数（0.009 mg/m3）最低，不同行业间的锰暴露水平和超标率间的差异有统计学意义（χ2=20.698，P=0.000；H=28.940，P=0.000）。密闭空间作业者锰超标率（77.78%）和暴露质量浓度（0.790 mg/m3）高于室外露天（0.00%、0.003 mg/m3）（χ2=5.600，P=0.018；H=123.000，P=0.009）和车间内（13.30%、0.010 mg/m3）（χ2=26.607，P=0.000；H=78.675，P=0.001），差异有统计学意义。连续作业者的锰超标率（22.22%）和暴露质量浓度中位数（0.030 mg/m3）明显高于间歇作业者（χ2=6.694，P=0.010；H=4 291.500，P=0.001）。使用焊丝作业者的锰超标率（20.81%）和暴露质量浓度中位数（0.027 mg/m3）高于焊条作业者（4.55%、0.006 mg/m3）（χ2=7.903，P=0.005；H=6 284.000，P=0.001）。通风效果差的环境中锰超标率（31.71%）和暴露质量浓度中位数（0.035 mg/m3）明显高于通风效果好（11.94%、0.006 mg/m3）（χ2=6.345，P=0.012；H=29.907，P=0.046）。
结论 2014-2017年浦东新区焊工锰暴露水平有增加趋势，存在一定健康风险，企业规模、行业、焊接作业环境、作业模式及通风效果是影响锰暴露水平的主要因素。
Abstract:Objective To understand the exposure level of manganese and analyze its influencing factors in welders in Pudong New Area, Shanghai.
Methods Three-phase stratified sampling method was used to select 215 welders from 137 enterprises in Pudong New Area from 2014 to 2017. Personal breathing zone air samples were collected, and the manganese concentrations of the samples were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The active monitoring questionnaire of key occupational disease hazards in Shanghai was used to investigate and analyze the exposure and influencing factors of manganese in workplace.
Results A total of 215 samples of manganese were obtained in this study. The median concentration (M) of manganese was 0.140mg/m3 and the total unqualified rate was 15.81%. The annual disqualified rate of manganese showed significantly different (χ2=8.989, P=0.003), with the highest disqualified rate detected in 2017 (30.43%) (P < 0.05). In terms of enterprise scale, the disqualified rate (34.09%) and exposure level (0.075 mg/m3) of manganese in welders in large enterprises were higher than those in medium5.26% (χ2=5.820, P=0.016), 0.003 mg/m3 (H=70.609, P=0.000) and small enterprises11.84% (χ2=12.063, P=0.001), 0.010 mg/m3 (H=38.527, P=0.001). In terms of industry, the highest disqualified rate (37.21%) and exposure level (0.113 mg/m3) of manganese were detected in shipbuilding industry, the lowest disqualified rate (6.33%) and exposure level (0.009 mg/m3) were detected in general equipment manufacturing industry, and the differences in the two indicators were statistically significant across industries respectively (χ2=20.698, P=0.000; H=28.940, P=0.000). In terms of working environment, the disqualified rate (77.78%) and exposure level (0.790mg/m3) of manganese in the workers in confined space were higher than those in the workers in open air (0.00% and 0.003 mg/m3) (χ2=5.600, P=0.018; H=123.000, P=0.009) and in workshops with roof (13.30% and 0.010 mg/m3) (χ2=26.607, P=0.000; H=78.657, P=0.001). In terms of operation mode, the disqualified rate (22.22%) and exposure level (0.030 mg/m3) of manganese of continuous operation were higher than those of intermittent operation (χ2=6.694, P=0.010; H=4 291.500, P=0.001). In terms of welding material, the disqualified rate (20.81%) and exposure level (0.027mg/m3) of manganese of workers using welding wires were higher than those of the workers using welding rods (4.55%, 0.006 mg/m3) (χ2=7.903, P=0.005; H=6 284.000, P=0.001). In terms of ventilation, the disqualified rate (31.71%) and exposure level (0.035 mg/m3) of manganese in workplaces with poor ventilation were higher than those in workplaces with good ventilation (11.94%, 0.006mg/m3) (χ2=6.345, P=0.012; H=29.907, P=0.046).
Conclusion The workplace manganese exposure level in Pudong New Area in 2014-2017 shows an increasing trend, which may be a health risk for welders. Enterprise scale, industry, welding operation environment, operation mode, and ventilation effect are major factors affecting the exposure level of manganese.
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